- When Python first emerged on the software scene in the early 1990s,
- it spawned what is now something of a classic conflict between its proponents and
- those of another popular scripting language, Perl. Personally, I think
- the debate is tired and unwarranted today—developers are smart enough to draw their own conclusions.
- Still, this is one of the most common topics I’m asked about on the training road,
- so it seems fitting to say a few words on the topic here.
当Python九十年代初出现时,曾激起Python的支持者与另一门时髦语言Perl拥护者的之间的经典冲突。
如今这场争论已成为过去。个人认为:这场争论很令人厌烦,也毫无根据。
开发者都很聪明,知道如何选择。目前为止,这仍然是一场最著名的争论。
在我培训过程中,经常会被问及,因此有必要就这个话题说几句。
- The short story is this: you can do everything in Python that you can in Perl,
- but you can read your code after you do it. That’s it—their domains largely overlap,
- but Python is more focused on producing readable code.
- For many, the enhanced readability of Python translates to code reuseability and maintainability,
- making Python a better choice for programs that will not be written once and thrown away.
- Perl code is easy to write, but difficult to read.
- Given that most software has a lifespan much longer than its initial creation, many see Python as a more effective tool.
简而言之:Perl能做到的,Python都能做到,但你必须在写之后要能读懂它。显然,这是他们之间主要的交集。
显而易见:Python更关注代码的可读性,在大多数情况下,提高代码的可读性转化为代码的可重用性及可维护性。
这样一来,使得Python成为了一个很好的选择: 不会写后就丢弃。 Perl代码很容易写,但很难读懂。
鉴于软件都有很长的生命周期,远比初始开发要长,因此很多人视Python为更有效的工具。
- The somewhat longer story reflects the backgrounds of the designers of the two languages,
- and underscores some of the main reasons people choose to use Python.
- Python’s creator is a mathematician by training; as such, he produced a language with
- a high degree of uniformity—its syntax and toolset are remarkably coherent. Moreover,
- like math, its design is orthogonal—most of the language follows from a small set
- of core concepts. For instance, once one grasps Python’s flavor of polymorphism, the
- rest is largely just details.
Python的缔造者是个训练有素的数学家,这就使得其发明的语言具有高度的统一性:
它的语法和工具集都带有显著的连贯性。更有甚者,像数学一样其设计具有正交性:
即语言的大部分都遵循一小组的核心概念。例如,一旦你掌握了多态,其他大部分都是细节,仅此而已。
- By contrast, the creator of the Perl language is a linguist, and its design reflects this heritage.
- There are many ways to accomplish the same tasks in Perl, and language
- constructs interact in context-sensitive and sometimes quite subtle ways—much like
- natural language. As the well-known Perl motto states, “There’s more than one way to
- do it.” Given this design, both the Perl language and its user community have historically
- encouraged freedom of expression when writing code. One person’s Perl code can
- be radically different from another’s. In fact, writing unique, tricky code is often a
- source of pride among Perl users.
在Perl中,做同样的任务,可以有很多种方法,语言的结构受语境交互影响。
这种影响有时是非常敏感的,非常像自然语言。恰如一句著名的Perl座右铭所说:
条条道路通罗马! 鉴于这种设计,不仅Perl语言本身以及Perl用户社区:
都鼓励并提倡在写代码时,追求自由的精神。因此一个人写出来的代码很可能与他人截然不同!
事实上,Perl开发者常以编写独特的,很花俏的代码为荣!
- But as anyone who has done any substantial code maintenance should be able to attest,
- freedom of expression is great for art, but lousy for engineering. In engineering, we
- need a minimal feature set and predictability. In engineering, freedom of expression
- can lead to maintenance nightmares. As more than one Perl user has confided to me,
- the result of too much freedom is often code that is much easier to rewrite from scratch
- than to modify.
但对工程而言,就非常令人讨厌了。从工程的角度,我们需要最小化功能集及可预测性。
在工程领域,自由表达会导致维护的噩梦。不止一个Perl用户向我吐露:
太过于自由的结果就是:程序很容易重头写起,但修改起来就很难了!
- Consider this: when people create a painting or a sculpture, they do so for themselves
- for purely aesthetic purposes. The possibility of someone else having to change that
- painting or sculpture later does not enter into it. This is a critical difference between
- art and engineering. When people write software, they are not writing it for themselves.
- In fact, they are not even writing primarily for the computer. Rather, good
- programmers know that code is written for the next human being who has to read it in
- order to maintain or reuse it. If that person cannot understand the code, it’s all but useless
- in a realistic development scenario.
至于今后别人不得不改变他的漆画或者雕像,都不在其考虑的范畴。这就是艺术和工程最关键的区别。
当人们写代码时,他们并不能纯粹为自己而写。事实上,他们甚至不是专门为计算机而写的。
当然啦,优秀的程序员知道:代码是为今后维护甚至重写的人而写。
如果负责维护的人完全不能理解代码,那么在现实中,这些代码几乎毫无用处。
- This is where many people find that Python most clearly differentiates itself from scripting
- languages like Perl. Because Python’s syntax model almost forces users to write
- readable code, Python programs lend themselves more directly to the full software
- development cycle. And because Python emphasizes ideas such as limited interactions,
- uniformity, regularity, and consistency, it more directly fosters code that can be used
- long after it is first written.
因为Python的语法模式强迫用户去写可读的代码,Python语言会引导他们朝完整的软件开发流程前进。
因为Python更强调:有限交互性、一致性、规则性以及统一连贯性,会更进一步导致:
Python自首次编写后,可以运行很长一段时间。
- In the long run, Python’s focus on code quality in itself boosts programmer productivity,
- as well as programmer satisfaction. Python programmers can be creative, too, and
- as we’ll see, the language does offer multiple solutions for some tasks. At its core,
- though, Python encourages good engineering in ways that other scripting languages
- often do not.
Python的程序员会变得更富有创造性,并且我们以后会明白,对某些项目而言:
这门语言的确提供了多种解决方案。就核心而言,Python提倡优秀工程的开发方式是其他脚本语言所不具备的。
- At least, that’s the common consensus among many people who have adopted Python.
- You should always judge such claims for yourself, of course, by learning what Python
- has to offer.
NOTE:英文文章摘自《Learning Python》Python is engineer,not art部分.