转载请注明转自: 团子的小窝 , 本文固定链接: defaultdict 和 dict.__missing__
http://blog.csdn.net/topfire7/article/details/19168799
原作者: Jason Kirtland
日期: January 13th, 2009
许可证: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
原文链接(PPT): http://discorporate.us/jek/talks/defaultdict/
翻译作者：kodango <dangoakachan@foxmail.com>
翻译时间：March 17th, 2012
译文链接：http://kodango.com/defaultdict-in-python
今天看到一篇讲defaultdict的PPT，同时第一次见到__missing__()这个方法，好奇之下，仔细阅读了这篇PPT。看完之后随手做笔记，分享给有需要的人。准确地说，这篇文章不是纯粹的翻译，因为原文本身只是一份PPT。文章的大多数文字内容，都是本人的阅读心得。
默认值可以很方便
众所周知，在Python中如果访问字典中不存在的键，会引发KeyError异常（JavaScript中如果对象中不存在某个属性，则返回undefined）。但是有时候，字典中的每个键都存在默认值是非常方便的。例如下面的例子：
<span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">strings </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'weasel'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{}</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">for</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> kw </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> strings</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">+=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span>该例子统计strings中某个单词出现的次数，并在counts字典中作记录。单词每出现一次，在counts相对应的键所存的值数字加1。但是事实上，运行这段代码会抛出KeyError异常，出现的时机是每个单词第一次统计的时候，因为Python的dict中不存在默认值的说法，可以在Python命令行中验证：
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> counts </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> counts
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{}</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">+=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">Traceback</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">most recent call last</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">File</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">"<stdin>"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> line </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"><</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">module</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">KeyError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span>
使用判断语句检查
既然如此，首先可能想到的方法是在单词第一次统计的时候，在counts中相应的键存下默认值1。这需要在处理的时候添加一个判断语句：
<span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">strings </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'weasel'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{}</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">for</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> kw </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> strings</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">if</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> kw </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">not</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">else</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">+=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="com" style="font-family:inherit;color:#999988;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:italic; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"># counts:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="com" style="font-family:inherit;color:#999988;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:italic; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"># {'puppy': 5, 'weasel': 1, 'kitten': 2}</span> 使用dict.setdefault()方法
也可以通过dict.setdefault()方法来设置默认值：
<span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">strings </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'weasel'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{}</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">for</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> kw </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> strings</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">setdefault</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">0</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">+=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="com" style="font-family:inherit;color:#999988;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:italic; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"># 原PPT中这里有一个笔误</span> dict.setdefault()方法接收两个参数，第一个参数是健的名称，第二个参数是默认值。假如字典中不存在给定的键，则返回参数中提供的默认值；反之，则返回字典中保存的值。利用dict.setdefault()方法的返回值可以重写for循环中的代码，使其更加简洁：
<span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">strings </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'weasel'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{}</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">for</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> kw </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> strings</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">setdefault</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">0</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">+</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span> 使用collections.defaultdict类
以上的方法虽然在一定程度上解决了dict中不存在默认值的问题，但是这时候我们会想，有没有一种字典它本身提供了默认值的功能呢？答案是肯定的，那就是collections.defaultdict。
defaultdict类就好像是一个dict，但是它是使用一个类型来初始化的：
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> collections </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">list</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd
defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(<</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">type </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'list'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{})</span>defaultdict类的初始化函数接受一个类型作为参数，当所访问的键不存在的时候，可以实例化一个值作为默认值：
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'foo'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd
defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(<</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">type </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'list'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'foo'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[]})</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'bar'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">].</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">append</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'quux'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd
defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(<</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">type </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'list'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'foo'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[],</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'bar'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'quux'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]})</span> 需要注意的是，这种形式的默认值只有在通过dict[key]或者dict.__getitem__(key)访问的时候才有效，这其中的原因在下文会介绍。
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> collections </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">list</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'something'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">False</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">pop</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'something'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">Traceback</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">most recent call last</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">File</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">"<stdin>"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> line </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"><</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">module</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">KeyError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'pop(): dictionary is empty'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">get</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'something'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'something'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[]</span>defaultdict类除了接受类型名称作为初始化函数的参数之外，还可以使用任何不带参数的可调用函数，到时该函数的返回结果作为默认值，这样使得默认值的取值更加灵活。下面用一个例子来说明，如何用自定义的不带参数的函数zero()作为defaultdict类的初始化函数的参数：
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> collections </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> zero</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">():</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">0</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">zero</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd
defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(<</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">function zero at </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">0xb7ed2684</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{})</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'foo'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">0</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dd
defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(<</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">function zero at </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">0xb7ed2684</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'foo'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">0</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">})</span> 利用collections.defaultdict来解决最初的单词统计问题，代码如下：
<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> collections </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict
strings </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'weasel'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'kitten'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'puppy'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">lambda</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">0</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="com" style="font-family:inherit;color:#999988;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:italic; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"># 使用lambda来定义简单的函数</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">for</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> s </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> strings</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
counts</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">s</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">+=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span>defaultdict类是如何实现的
通过上面的内容，想必大家已经了解了defaultdict类的用法，那么在defaultdict类中又是如何来实现默认值的功能呢？这其中的关键是使用了看__missing__()这个方法：
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> collections </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">print</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__doc__
__missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="com" style="font-family:inherit;color:#999988;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:italic; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"># Called by __getitem__ for missing key; pseudo-code:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">if</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">default_factory </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">is</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">None</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">raise</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">KeyError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> value </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">default_factory</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> value</span> 通过查看__missing__()方法的docstring，可以看出当使用__getitem__()方法访问一个不存在的键时(dict[key]这种形式实际上是__getitem__()方法的简化形式)，会调用__missing__()方法获取默认值，并将该键添加到字典中去。
关于__missing__()方法的具体介绍可以参考Python官方文档中的"Mapping Types — dict"一节。
文档中介绍，从2.5版本开始，如果派生自dict的子类定义了__missing__()方法，当访问不存在的键时，dict[key]会调用__missing__()方法取得默认值。
从中可以看出，虽然dict支持__missing__()方法，但是在dict本身是不存在这个方法的，而是需要在派生的子类中自行实现这个方法。可以简单的验证这一点：
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">print</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__doc__
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">Traceback</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">most recent call last</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">File</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">"<stdin>"</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> line </span><span class="lit" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">1</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">in</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"><</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">module</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">AttributeError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> type object </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'dict'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> has no attribute </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'__missing__'</span> 同时，我们可以进一步的做实验，定义一个子类Missing并实现__missing__()方法:
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">Missing</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'missing'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> d </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">Missing</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> d
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{}</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> d</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'foo'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'missing'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> d
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{}</span> 返回结果反映了__missing__()方法确实发挥了作用。在此基础上，我们稍许修改__missing__()方法,使得该子类同defautldict类一样为不存在的键设置一个默认值：
<span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">Defaulting</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'default'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'default'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">...</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> d </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">Defaulting</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> d
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{}</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> d</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'foo'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'default'</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">>>></span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> d
</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">{</span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'foo'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="str" style="font-family:inherit;color:#dd1144;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">'default'</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">}</span>在旧版本的Python中实现类defaultdict的功能
defaultdict类是从2.5版本之后才添加的，在一些旧版本中并不支持它，因此为旧版本实现一个兼容的defaultdict类是必要的。这其实很简单，虽然性能可能未必如2.5版本中自带的defautldict类好，但在功能上是一样的。
首先，__getitem__()方法需要在访问键失败时，调用__missing__()方法：
<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __getitem__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">try</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__getitem__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">except</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">KeyError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span> 其次，需要实现__missing__()方法用来设置默认值：
<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __getitem__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">try</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__getitem__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">except</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">KeyError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> value </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">default_factory</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> value</span> 然后，defaultdict类的初始化函数__init__()需要接受类型或者可调用函数参数:
<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __init__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> default_factory</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">None</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">*</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">a</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">**</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__init__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">*</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">a</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">**</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">default_factory </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> default_factory
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __getitem__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">try</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__getitem__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">except</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">KeyError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> value </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">default_factory</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> value</span>最后，综合以上内容，通过以下方式完成兼容新旧Python版本的代码：
<span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">try</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">from</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> collections </span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">import</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">except</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">ImportError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">class</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> defaultdict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __init__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> default_factory</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">None</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">*</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">a</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">**</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__init__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">*</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">a</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">**</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">kw</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">default_factory </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> default_factory
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __getitem__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">try</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> dict</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__getitem__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">except</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="typ" style="font-family:inherit;color:#445588;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">KeyError</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">:</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">__missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">)</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">def</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> __missing__</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">(</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">,</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">):</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">[</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">key</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">]</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> value </span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">=</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> self</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">.</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">default_factory</span><span class="pun" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">()</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">
</span><span class="kwd" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:bold; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;">return</span><span class="pln" style="font-family:inherit;color:#333333;margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px;font-size:undefined; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline;"> value</span>
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