学号:478
原创作品转载请注明出处 https://github.com/mengning/linuxkernel/
一、实验环境:
VMware workstation 11
Ubuntu 14.04 虚拟机
二、实验过程
(1)安装qemu
sudo apt-get install qemu
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/qemu-system-i386 /usr/bin/qemu
(2)下载linux kernel 3.9.4源码及mykernel补丁
wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.9.4.tar.xz
wget https://raw.github.com/mengning/mykernel/master/mykernel_for_linux3.9.4sc.patch
(3)解压源码并打上补丁
xz -d linux-3.9.4.tar.xz
tar -xvf linux-3.9.4.tar
cd linux-3.9.4
patch -p1 < …/mykernel_for_linux3.9.4sc.patch
(4)编译内核
make allnoconfig
make
(5)从qemu窗口看到mykernel在执行
qemu -kernel arch/x86/boot/bzImage
(6)修改mykernel源码,实现时间片轮转多道程序内核
从https://github.com/mengning/mykernel下载 mymain.c、myinterrupt.c、mypcb.h替换原来mykernel中的文件
重新编译
make clean
make allnoconfig
make
从qemu窗口看到mykernel在执行:
三、代码分析
(1)mypcb.h
/*
* linux/mykernel/mypcb.h
*
* Kernel internal PCB types
*
* Copyright (C) 2013 Mengning
*
*/
#define MAX_TASK_NUM 4
#define KERNEL_STACK_SIZE 1024*2 # unsigned long
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread {
unsigned long ip;
unsigned long sp;
};
typedef struct PCB{
int pid;
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
unsigned long stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE];
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread thread;
unsigned long task_entry;
struct PCB *next;
}tPCB;
void my_schedule(void);
这个头文件描述了一组数据结构:
MAX_TASK_NUM定义了进程总数为4个;
KERNEL_STACK_SIZE定义了每个进程分配的栈空间为2k;
Thread里面存储进程上下文,其中ip用来保存当前指令执行位置,sp用来保存栈顶位置;
下面是结构体PCB定义了控制进程运行需要的一些属性,作为进程控制块,存储了进程id,进程状态,next指针,在进程调度中可以形成进程链表。
最后my_schedule是一个进程调度函数的声明。
(2)mymain.c
/*
* linux/mykernel/mymain.c
*
* Kernel internal my_start_kernel
*
* Copyright (C) 2013 Mengning
*
*/
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include "mypcb.h"
tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
tPCB * my_current_task = NULL;
volatile int my_need_sched = 0;
void my_process(void);
void __init my_start_kernel(void)
{
int pid = 0;
int i;
/* Initialize process 0*/
task[pid].pid = pid;
task[pid].state = 0;/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsigned long)my_process;
task[pid].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[pid].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
task[pid].next = &task[pid];
/*fork more process */
for(i=1;i<MAX_TASK_NUM;i++)
{
memcpy(&task[i],&task[0],sizeof(tPCB));
task[i].pid = i;
//*(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1] - 1) = (unsigned long)&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
task[i].thread.sp = (unsigned long)(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1]);
task[i].next = task[i-1].next;
task[i-1].next = &task[i];
}
/* start process 0 by task[0] */
pid = 0;
my_current_task = &task[pid];
asm volatile(
"movl %1,%%esp\n\t" /* set task[pid].thread.sp to esp */
"pushl %1\n\t" /* push ebp */
"pushl %0\n\t" /* push task[pid].thread.ip */
"ret\n\t" /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to eip */
:
: "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp) /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/
);
}
int i = 0;
void my_process(void)
{
while(1)
{
i++;
if(i%10000000 == 0)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d -\n",my_current_task->pid);
if(my_need_sched == 1)
{
my_need_sched = 0;
my_schedule();
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d +\n",my_current_task->pid);
}
}
}
开始时定义了进程的控制信息,task进程数组,my_current_task是指向当前进程控制块的指针,my_need_sched表示调度状态,为1时进程要进行切换,为0则不用切换。
tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
tPCB * my_current_task = NULL;
volatile int my_need_sched = 0;
内核被加载时进行初始化的函数my_start_kernel:
void __init my_start_kernel(void)
{
int pid = 0;
int i;
/* Initialize process 0*/
task[pid].pid = pid;
task[pid].state = 0;/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsigned long)my_process;
task[pid].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[pid].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
task[pid].next = &task[pid];
/*fork more process */
for(i=1;i<MAX_TASK_NUM;i++)
{
memcpy(&task[i],&task[0],sizeof(tPCB));
task[i].pid = i;
//*(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1] - 1) = (unsigned long)&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
task[i].thread.sp = (unsigned long)(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1]);
task[i].next = task[i-1].next;
task[i-1].next = &task[i];
}
/* start process 0 by task[0] */
pid = 0;
my_current_task = &task[pid];
asm volatile(
"movl %1,%%esp\n\t" /* set task[pid].thread.sp to esp */
"pushl %1\n\t" /* push ebp */
"pushl %0\n\t" /* push task[pid].thread.ip */
"ret\n\t" /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to eip */
:
: "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp) /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/
);
}
该函数首先初始化了一个pid为0的进程,作为内核中的0号进程,该进程状态为runnable。接着task_entry指向my_process()函数的地址。然后thread.sp指向stack[]的最末尾地址,因为此时系统中只有唯一一个进程,所以最后要将next指向自己。下面的for循环创建3个进程,并用循环链表将4个进程链接在一起。最后一段嵌入汇编代码根据task[0]启动进程0.
运行进程的函数my_process:
void my_process(void)
{
while(1)
{
i++;
if(i%10000000 == 0)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d -\n",my_current_task->pid);
if(my_need_sched == 1)
{
my_need_sched = 0;
my_schedule();
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d +\n",my_current_task->pid);
}
}
}
该函数每10000000次循环计数进行一次输出并且检查全局调度的标志看是否需要进行进程切换,如果需要就调用my_schedule()函数,并输出切换后的进程号。
(3)myinterrupt.c
/*
* linux/mykernel/myinterrupt.c
*
* Kernel internal my_timer_handler
*
* Copyright (C) 2013 Mengning
*
*/
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include "mypcb.h"
extern tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
extern tPCB * my_current_task;
extern volatile int my_need_sched;
volatile int time_count = 0;
/*
* Called by timer interrupt.
* it runs in the name of current running process,
* so it use kernel stack of current running process
*/
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
#if 1
if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n");
my_need_sched = 1;
}
time_count ++ ;
#endif
return;
}
void my_schedule(void)
{
tPCB * next;
tPCB * prev;
if(my_current_task == NULL
|| my_current_task->next == NULL)
{
return;
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n");
/* schedule */
next = my_current_task->next;
prev = my_current_task;
if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
{
my_current_task = next;
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);
/* switch to next process */
asm volatile(
"pushl %%ebp\n\t" /* save ebp */
"movl %%esp,%0\n\t" /* save esp */
"movl %2,%%esp\n\t" /* restore esp */
"movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save eip */
"pushl %3\n\t"
"ret\n\t" /* restore eip */
"1:\t" /* next process start here */
"popl %%ebp\n\t"
: "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
: "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
);
}
return;
}
响应时钟中断函数my_timer_handler:
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
#if 1
if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n");
my_need_sched = 1;
}
time_count ++ ;
#endif
return;
}
当系统发生时钟中断时,my_timer_handler函数被调用,设置变量my_need_sched = 1,此时mymain.c中的myprocess()函数调用my_schedule()函数,执行调度过程。
进程调度函数my_schedule:
void my_schedule(void)
{
tPCB * next;
tPCB * prev;
if(my_current_task == NULL
|| my_current_task->next == NULL)
{
return;
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n");
/* schedule */
next = my_current_task->next;
prev = my_current_task;
if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
{
my_current_task = next;
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);
/* switch to next process */
asm volatile(
"pushl %%ebp\n\t" /* save ebp */
"movl %%esp,%0\n\t" /* save esp */
"movl %2,%%esp\n\t" /* restore esp */
"movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save eip */
"pushl %3\n\t"
"ret\n\t" /* restore eip */
"1:\t" /* next process start here */
"popl %%ebp\n\t"
: "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
: "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
);
}
return;
}
进程调度函数my_schedule中prev指向当前进程,next指向下一个进程,当下一个进程的状态是可以运行状态时,执行进程切换,切换的嵌入式汇编代码过程如下:
将当前进程ebp寄存器的值入栈;
保存当前进程esp寄存器的值;
将下一个进程esp寄存器的值赋值给esp寄存器;
保存当前进程eip寄存器的值;
下一个进程eip寄存器的值入栈,并用ret指令使该值储存到eip寄存器中;
执行下一个进程,并弹出下一个进程的ebp寄存器的值。
这样就可以完成进程的切换并且能够保证进程的上下文的正确性。
四、总结
通过实现这个简单的时间片轮转多道程序内核实验,加深我对计算机操作系统工作原理的了解。再次学习到了,在进程切换时,需要先保存当前的进程执行的上下文环境,下次进程被调度时,需要恢复进程的上下文。在系统初始化时只有一个0号进程,之后的所有进程都是通过do_fork创造出来的。