【英语：基础进阶_语法进阶提升】F6.状语从句

1.状语从句的概念和类别

状语从句(Adverbial Clause)是指句子用作状语时, 起副词作用的句子. 状语从句中的从句可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子.

状语从句根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较这些类别. 状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导, 也可以由词组引起.

时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较这些类别.

• When you love me, l will love you. 时间
• Wherever you go, l will go. 地点
• l love you because you love me. 原因
• l will love you if you love me. 条件
• l love you in order that you will love me. 目的
• l love you so that you will love me. 结果
• Although you don’t love me, l still love you. 让步
• l love you in the way that you love me. 方式
• l love you as much as you love me. 比较

2.时间状语从句

• 用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语, 这样的主从复合句就是时间状语从句.
• 引导时间状语从句的连词较多, 主从句时态搭配以及谓语动词的动作时间长短性等用法特煮也客不相同.
• 引导时间状语从句的连接词包括: when, as, while, after, before, since, ever since, as soon as, once, till, until, whenever, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely…when, the moment/minute/instant/second, every time, each time, any time, the first time, next time, last time, all the time, by the time, directly, immediately, instantly等.

2.1.时间状语从句连词when

when的意思相当于at that time, 表示"在…时刻".
时间状语从句所表达的时间通常是过去和将来.
来看一下when引导从句表示的过去动作的常见时态搭配.

1. 主句一般过去时＋从句一般过去时
   如:
   l started my dinner when he left.
   She left when l got there.

2. 主句一般过去时+从句过去完成时
   如:
   l started my dinner when he had left.
   She left when l had got there.

如果主从句都用一般过去时, 则表示主句动作先发生.

下面两个例句的从句用了过去完成时, 更强调了从句动作先发生.

3. 主句一般过去时+从句过去进行时
   The doorbell rang when l was washing the dishes.

这里的瞬时动作rang用一般过去时, 延续动作wash用过去进行时.
这个句子也可以换成"主句过去进行时＋从句一般过去时"这样的时态搭搭配, 即:

4. 主句过去进行时+从句一般过去时
   l was washing the dishes when the doorbell rang.

由"主句一般过去时+when+从句过去进行时" 变成 “主句过去进行时+when+从句一般过去时”, 此时when的意思发生了改变, 即由during the time变成了at the time. 这时when强调某个瞬时动作突然发生.

5. 主句一般将来时+从句一般现在时
   在表示将来的动作时, 主句显然要用一般将来时, 而时间从句要用一般现在时表示将来, 不能使用将来时态.
   如:
   l’ll speak to your supervisor when he arrives.
   l’l tell your mom about it when she comes back.

2.2.时间状语从句连词while

1. 当while用作时间连词时, 意思相当于during that time, 表示某一时间段内发生的动作.
   因此, 从句的谓语动词通常接延续性动词.
   如:
   l’ll keep you company while you’ re waiting.
   Someone called while you were out.
   We must have been burgled while we were asleep.

while除了作连词引导时间状语从句, 也可以引导让步状语从句等, 后面会提及.

2. until既可以用作介词也可以作为连词, 所以until的后面可以接名词短语也可以接时间状语从句. 使用时的本质思维是表示"一个(主句)动作一直持续到某一个时间点". 既然是延续动作, 那么until前面的主句或句子的谓语就必须是延续性的, 而until后面接的从句的谓语则要是短暂性动词或接时间点. 常用的方式有两种:
   1) 作为连词时可引导从句
   主句的延续动词+until+从句的瞬时动词
   如:
   You’ ll just have to wait until they call your name.
   l stayed there until he arrived.
   2) 作为介词接名词短语
   延续动词+until+时间点(不能是时间段)
   如:
   She continued to get a salary until the end of June.
   Until 2004, she lived in Canada.

2.3.时间状语从句连词until

1. 当主句或句子的谓语动词是短暂动词, 通常要用否定形式. 瞬时动词否定之后表示的是一个状态, 而状态是延续性质的. 这也就是我们常用的not…until的结构, 表示"直到…才".
   如:
   l didn’t wake up until l heard the alarm clock. (作连词)
   Until she spoke, I hadn’t realized she wasn’t English. (作连词)
   We did not notice this matter until yesterday. (作介词)
   The heat did not relax until midnight. (作介词)

2.4.时间状语从句连词as

1. as引导时间状语从句意思类似when, 但较强调同时发生, 多指短暂动作.
   如:
   we got to the check-in desk just as they were about to close.

2. as可说明两种正在发展或变化的情况, 表示"随着…", 表达时间的推移.
   如:
   As l get older, I get more optimistic.
   Another policeman has been injured as fighting continued this morning.

3. as表"一边…一边…", 引出伴随动作.
   如:
   He jumps as he goes along.

4. 用以强调两个动作紧接着发生.
   如:
   As he was going out, it began to rain.

2.5.表示"一….就…"结构的时间连词

英文中有一些时间连词用来表达主句的动作和从句的动作相继发生, 两者之间的时间间隔不长, 相当于"—….就"的意思. 这里的主句和从句的谓语一般都是瞬时性动词.

1. 从句动作先于主句动作
   这样的用法是说在从句动作发生之后, 紧接着主句动作就发生了.
   表示这一时间关系的连词有: as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly和instantly等等.
   这些连连词的用法和句式结构是一样的, 主从句时态一般一致.
   比如, 如果表示将来的动作, 则主句用一般将来时, 从句用一般现在时表示将来.
   如:
   The dogs ran off as soon as we appeared.
   l came immediately l heard th