【英语：基础进阶_读写专项训练】G3.记叙文写作

1.记叙文写作概述

记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体, 是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种文体.

在高考等英语考试中常常涉及, 一般要求考生根据试卷中提供的情景, 组织语言、材料.

要求学生能够叙述事情, 描述人物或事件, 能把你周围的趣事、生活中的琐事、社会上的大事等所见所闻生动形象地展现出来.

在近两年的高考书面表达中, 命题形式主要是提纲式或图画式, 一般分为三类:

1. 以记人为主的记叙文. 此类记叙文一般要求以人物为中心组织材料, 就这个人的经历及成绩等内容展开描写, 在写作中应注意对其外貌、语言及行为等方面的细节描写, 要生动形象. 在写人物时, 既要注意人物的个性与代表性, 又要不失真实性. 并根据具体要求, 灵活掌握, 突出重点.
2. 以叙事为主的记叙文. 叙事为主的记叙文, 要以事件为中心组织材料, 应交代清楚六要素(5个W和1个H). 在写作过程中, 要以时间为主线, 合理安排写作顺序, 注意要精心选择典型情节内容, 把握好事情的起因、发展、高潮及结局, 做到详略得当, 主次分明.
3. 以写景状物为主的记叙文. 此类文章首先要选用合适的描写方法: 位置关系(如由远及近)、方向顺序(如顺时针方向), 一旦选择了某一方向顺序, 全文就应保持一致;其次要注意选词的多样化, 描写的多样化, 使得看似很单调的景物描写变得形象生动. 在写作过程中, 要注意人与物的情感交融.

2.提纲式命题例题

根据提示写一篇不少于120字的英文日记:

今天你参观了清华大学. 一大早, 老教授在门口接你们, 然后领你参观了校园、图书馆、实验楼. 下午, 老教授给你们做报告. 傍晚, 你向老教授告别.

3.看图作文例题

下列四幅图描述了李华一家某一天的经历. 请根据画面及图中的有关提示, 用第三人称的口吻写一篇120字左右的短文.
注意: 可以适当增加细节, 并展开合理的想象, 使故事完整连贯.

4.记叙文的六要素

记叙文的主要任务是记人和叙事, 而人物的活动和事件的发生总有一定的时间和地点、前因和后果.

写记叙文时要把握六个要素, 即事情发生的时间when、地点where、人物who、事件what、原因why、结果how六要素.

—篇记叙文, 无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实. 因此, 下笔时需要明确该从何处开始叙述, 该在何处结束叙述, 以及如何在规定的时间和字数内将内容尽可能叙述完整.

5.记叙文的基本结构

1. 开端
   叙述一件事, 往往有一定的情景. 介绍这个情景就是开端. 作者在开端中, 通常要交代事件发展的时间、地点、有关人物和人与人之间相互关系等内容, 帮助读者理解事件的本身.

2. 发展
   叙述的主体是发展部分, 通常有最初情景的产生, 矛盾的发展和激化的过程.

3. 结局
   记叙文的结局是事件的结束, 往往不是矛盾的终止而是矛盾的某种解决.

举例来说, 高考作文一般是120词上下, 平均在10句话左右.
那么, 我们就要在这10句话中体现出整个叙述的起承转合.
第一部分是起, 写事情刚开始的样子. 需要两句话.
第二部分是承和转, 讲的是后续的发展与变化. 需要6-7句话.
第三部分是合, 又是升华. 大约1-2句的篇幅. 把文章进行一个思想性地拔高.

比如看图作文就会有很明显的起承转合节奏.
一般可以被概括为:

1. 原本正在做某事(交代背景)
2. 突然发生另一件(起因)
3. 想尽办法去解决(经过)
4. 叙述故事结局(结果)

在本题里:

• 本来正上课
• 老师突然摔倒被学生背去医务室
• 学生去看望
• 老师出院坐轮椅上课, 学生鼓掌

例文:

1. Mrs.Zhang is a good teacher who puts all her heart in teaching.
2. Last Monday, while giving us an English class, she suddenly felt dizzy and fell onto the ground.
3. Seeing this, we rushed to her and carried her to our school clinic immediately.
4. Though we were worried a lot, we minded our step and got there in just a few minutes.
5. Her right foot was injured so terribly that she had to stay in hospital for several weeks.
6. We all went to see her and tried to offer comfort.
7. When Mrs.Zhang met us, she was with great joy.
8. However, 3 days later, in a wheelchair,Mrs. Zhang came into our classroom and gave us lessons.
9. We were so moved that some of us burst into tears.
10. Her unselfish affection touched us greatly, which becomes our example to follow and encourages us to study hard to live up to her expectations.

6.记叙文的人称

记叙文的人称一般有两种.

1. 第一人称叙述:
   写作者以当事人的口气, 即第一人称来叙述, 把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻来告诉读者, 用主观的表现手法, 给读者一种亲切自然的感觉, 如同亲身经历一样, 加强了事件的可信性, 直接抒发作者的思想情感, 从而引起读者的共鸣. 这种形式常在记述亲身经历、耳闻目睹的事件的文章中出现.

2. 第三人称叙述:
   写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述事件, 以客观的写作方法, 能够充分反映事件中各人的感受及见解, 以全知的视角来叙述. 第三人称的应用常出现在介绍他人生平、事迹, 以及描述一些事件的文章中.

7.记叙文的叙事线索

一般叙述的线索可分为以下几种:

1. 以时间为线索, 按时间的顺序来展开.
2. 以地点为线索, 以地点的转移为顺序来展开.
3. 以事件发展的过程为线索, 或以人物出现的先后次序来展开.
4. 以事物的象征意义为线索来展开.
5. 以人物的思想行为及认知的过程为线索来展开.

8.记叙文的时态

记叙文的时态一般用过去时, 但应根据具体场合注意时态的转换.

9.记叙文的写作要点

无论是哪种命题形式, 都要先确定要点.

首先, 考生要注意所给要点之前的中文提示. 一般来说, 包括时间、地点等, 这些都应在文章中有所体现.

其次是所给的提纲式要点, 把所列出的要点都写到就行了. 但图画式作文就要注意每幅图的主题内容, 包括图中人物的言行及人物思考的内容, 考生应根据每幅图画列出要点.

10.例题分析

10.1.例题一

下列四幅图描述了李华一家某一天的经历. 请根据画面及图中的有关提示, 用第三人称的口吻写一篇120字左右的短文.
注意: 可以适当增加细节, 并展开合理的想象, 使故事完整连贯.

1)写作思路

1. 分析四张图片, 用简单句提炼要点
2. 运用想象扩充句子
   • 3月8号, 两个人应该在悄悄商量什么?
   • 他们为什么做家务还做得如此开心?
   • 都做了什么菜, 是谁喜欢的呢?
   • 为什么第四张图片中没人呢?两人的目的是什么呢?
3. 确定叙事人称和时态, 连句成篇

2)范文

lt was March 8th, Women’ s Day.Li Hua had a good idea and told his father that he was going to do something to celebrate it. He asked his father to help him.First, they decided to do some housework and decorate the room a bit to create a warm atmosphere. Li Hua cleaned the house completely while his father did some washing.

Then, they made a good meal, cooking fish, pork , chicken, soup and some other delicious dishes. Li Hua laid the table and set a vase full of flowers in the middle of thetable.After that they hid themselves behind the door, waiting for Mother so as to give hera happy surprise.

When his mother came back from work and saw the delicious dishes and drinks on the table, she felt very surprised.The family had a pleasant festival.

10.2.例题二

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes towrite a composition of no less than 150 words on A Dayin My Summer Vacation. Remember to write clearly.

1)范文

A Day in My Summer Vacation

Last summer l spent a two-week vacation at my aunt’’s. My aunt lived alone in amountain village, with a small river winding its course everyday.

One morning l went fishing in the river, where two women washed clothes.l found amost favorable point.Casting out my line, I waited anxiously for a bite.Suddenly therecame a cry:“Help! Help!" l looked in the direction of the call and saw a boy falling intothe river.Throwing the fishing pole, l dashed over like an arrow, jumped into the river andswam very quickly towards the boy.Then together with his mother l carried the boy on myback to a nearby hospital. That boy was saved.The mother gave me a thousand thanks.

Back to my fishing place, l found my fishing pole floating on the water.I managed to getit.To my great surprise, there was a big fish on the hook!

10.3.例题三

Directions: For this part, you are allowed twenty minutes to write a composition of no less than 100 words on An exciting trip. Remember to write clearly.

1)范文

An Exciting Trip

l have just received a letter from my brother,Tim. He is in Australia. He hasbeen there for six months.Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firmand he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. Hehas just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the center of Australia.He will soon visit Darwin.From there, he willfly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.

10.4.例题四

Directions: For this part, you are allowed twenty minutesto write a composition of no less than 100 words on A wet night.Remember to write clearly.

1)范文

A Wet Night

Last Sunday, Tom went camping with some of his friends.Late in the afternoon,the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field.As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire.They were all hungry and the food smelled good.After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire.

But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired, so they put out the fireand crept into their tent.Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable, so they all slept soundly.In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting.The tent was full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping bags and hurried outside. lt was raining heavily, and they found that a stream had formed in the field.The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent !