MySQL从入门到放弃第六章：子查询和表连接

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u012872875/article/details/79115670

子查询与连接

学习目录

启动服务 mysql -uroot -p123456 -P3306 -h127.0.0.1（账号root密码123456）
SHOW DATABASES 查看数据库
use db_name 选中数据库
SELECT DATABASE() 显示当前打开的数据库
SHOW TABLES 查看当前数据库下的数据表
SHOW COLUMNS FROM tbl_name 查看数据表详情
SELECT * FROM tbl_name \G: 在命令行中以网格形式呈现
SET NAMES gbk 命令行中显示中文

子查询

子查询：是指在另一个查询语句中的SELECT子句

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = (SELECT column1 FROM t2);其中，SELECT * FROM t1 …称为Outer Query[外查询](或者Outer Statement),
SELECT column1 FROM t2 称为Sub Query[子查询]。
所以，我们说子查询是嵌套在外查询内部。而事实上它有可能在子查询内部再嵌套子查询。
子查询必须出现在圆括号之间。

子查询可以返回标量，一行，一列，或者子查询

由比较运算符引发的子查询
1. = > < >= <= != <=>
2. 语法结构 operand comparison_operator ANY 或SOME或 ALL(subquery)
3. 求平均值，并保留两位小数 SELECT ROUND(AVG(price),2) FROM tbl_name
4. 求小于平均值的商品 SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE price <= (SELECT ROUND(AVG(price),2) FROM tbl_name)
5. 若子查询返回多个结果的情况下，可以使用ANY SOME ALL修饰
由[NOT] IN引发的子查询
1. 语法结构 operand comparison_operator [NOT] IN (subquery)
2. = ANY 与IN 等效
3. !=ALL 或<>ALL 与NOT IN 等效
由[NOT] IESISTS引发的子查询
1. 如果子查询返回任何行，EXISTS 返回TRUE；否则FALSE
使用INSERT … SELECT 将查询的结果插入记录
1. 某表中商品种类保存的是中文名称，查看该商品表中一共有多少种商品（GROUP BY） SELECT goods_cate FROM tbl_name GROUP BY goods_cate
2. 将某个表中查询的结果插入到另一张表（保存商品表种类）INSERET tbl_goods_table(cate_name) SELECT goods_cate FROM tbl_name GROUP BY goods_cate
多表更新
- UPDATA table_references SET col_name1=(expr|DEFAULT) [, col_name2=(expr|DEFAULT)] [WHERE where_condition]
连接
table_reference {[INNER | CROSS] JOIN | {LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER] JOIN} table_reference ON XX==xx SET XX=XX
- INNER JOIN,内连接在MySQL中，JOIN,CROSS JOIN 和INNER JOIN是等价的
- LEFT [OUTER] JOIN,左外连接
- RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN,右外连接
数据表参照
- 数据表可以使用tbl_name AS alisa_name或者tbl_name alias_name
内连接
- INNER JOIN 使用OM关键字来设定连接条件，也可以使用WHERE来代替
- 使用ON设定连接条件，WHERE来进行结果集记录的过滤
- 仅显示连接条件的记录
外连接
- 显示坐标中的全部和由表中符合连接条件的记录
多表链接
- 操作相同
无限分类的数据表设计
~~~
CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_types(
type_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
type_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
parent_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
);
多表删除
- DELETE tbl_name[.* ] [,tbl_name[.*]] … FROM table_references [WHERE where_condition]

下面是一个比较完整的例子

  -- 1.创建数据表

  CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tdb_goods(
    goods_id    SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    goods_name  VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL,
    goods_cate  VARCHAR(40)  NOT NULL,
    brand_name  VARCHAR(40)  NOT NULL,
    goods_price DECIMAL(15,3) UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
    is_show     BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
    is_saleoff  BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
  );
  --2.插入部分数据
    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本','笔记本','华硕','3399',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('Y400N 14.0英寸笔记本电脑','笔记本','联想','4899',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('G150TH 15.6英寸游戏本','游戏本','雷神','8499',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('X550CC 15.6英寸笔记本','笔记本','华硕','2799',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('X240(20ALA0EYCD) 12.5英寸超极本','超级本','联想','4999',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('U330P 13.3英寸超极本','超级本','联想','4299',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('SVP13226SCB 13.3英寸触控超极本','超级本','索尼','7999',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('iPad mini MD531CH/A 7.9英寸平板电脑','平板电脑','苹果','1998',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES('iPad Air MD788CH/A 9.7英寸平板电脑 （16G WiFi版）','平板电脑','苹果','3388',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

    INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES(' iPad mini ME279CH/A 配备 Retina 显示屏 7.9英寸平板电脑 （16G WiFi版）','平板电脑','苹果','2788',DEFAULT,DEFAULT);

-- 3.求所有电脑产品的平均价格,并且保留两位小数，AVG,MAX,MIN、COUNT、SUM为聚合函数

   SELECT ROUND(AVG(goods_price),2) AS avg_price FROM tdb_goods;

-- 4.查询所有价格大于平均价格的商品，并且按价格降序排序

   SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_price > 5845.10 ORDER BY goods_price DESC;

-- 5.使用子查询来实现

  SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods 


  WHERE goods_price > (SELECT ROUND(AVG(goods_price),2) AS avg_price FROM tdb_goods) 


  ORDER BY goods_price DESC;


-- 6.查询类型为“超记本”的商品价格


   SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = '超级本';

-- 7.查询价格大于或等于"超级本"价格的商品，并且按价格降序排列


   SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods 

   WHERE goods_price = ANY(SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = '超级本')

   ORDER BY goods_price DESC;

    -- = ANY 或 = SOME 等价于 IN 

   SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods 

   WHERE goods_price IN (SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = '超级本')

   ORDER BY goods_price DESC; 


        -- 8.创建“商品分类”表

          CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tdb_goods_cates(

            cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

            cate_name VARCHAR(40)

          );

        -- 9.查询tdb_goods表的所有记录，并且按"类别"分组

           SELECT goods_cate FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY goods_cate;

        -- 10.将分组结果写入到tdb_goods_cates数据表

           INSERT tdb_goods_cates (cate_name) SELECT goods_cate FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY goods_cate;

        -- 11.通过tdb_goods_cates数据表来更新tdb_goods表（连接）多表更新

            ---!!!

           UPDATE tdb_goods INNER JOIN tdb_goods_cates ON goods_cate = cate_name 

           SET goods_cate = cate_id ;

           ---!!!

-- 12.通过CREATE...SELECT来创建数据表并且同时写入记录 多表更新一步到位！

  -- SELECT brand_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY brand_name;

  CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_brands (

    brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

    brand_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL

  ) SELECT brand_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY brand_name;


-- 13.通过tdb_goods_brands数据表来更新tdb_goods数据表(错误) 系统不清楚brand_name是哪个表的

  UPDATE tdb_goods  INNER JOIN tdb_goods_brands ON brand_name = brand_name

  SET brand_name = brand_id;

  -- Column 'brand_name' in field list is ambigous

  -- 正确

          UPDATE tdb_goods AS  g  INNER JOIN tdb_goods_brands AS b ON g.brand_name = b.brand_name

          SET g.brand_name = b.brand_id;

-- 14.查看tdb_goods的数据表结构

  DESC tdb_goods; / SHOW COLUMNS FROM tdb_goods



-- 15.通过ALTER TABLE语句修改数据表结构 (因为商品名字现在改为字符型，但是主表中仍然为varchar)

   ALTER TABLE tdb_goods  

   CHANGE goods_cate cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,

   CHANGE brand_name brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL;

-- 16.分别在tdb_goods_cates和tdb_goods_brands表插入记录

   INSERT tdb_goods_cates(cate_name) VALUES('路由器'),('交换机'),('网卡');

   INSERT tdb_goods_brands(brand_name) VALUES('海尔'),('清华同方'),('神舟');

-- 17.在tdb_goods数据表写入任意记录

   INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,cate_id,brand_id,goods_price) VALUES(' LaserJet Pro P1606dn 黑白激光打印机','12','4','1849');

-- 18.查询所有商品的详细信息(通过内连接实现) 多表连接

   SELECT goods_id,goods_name,cate_name,brand_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods AS g

   INNER JOIN tdb_goods_cates AS c ON g.cate_id = c.cate_id

   INNER JOIN tdb_goods_brands AS b ON g.brand_id = b.brand_id\G;

-- 19.查询所有商品的详细信息(通过左外连接实现)

   SELECT goods_id,goods_name,cate_name,brand_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods AS g

   LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_cates AS c ON g.cate_id = c.cate_id

   LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_brands AS b ON g.brand_id = b.brand_id\G;

-- 20.查询所有商品的详细信息(通过右外连接实现)

   SELECT goods_id,goods_name,cate_name,brand_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods AS g

   RIGHT JOIN tdb_goods_cates AS c ON g.cate_id = c.cate_id

   RIGHT JOIN tdb_goods_brands AS b ON g.brand_id = b.brand_id\G;

-- 21.无限分类的数据表设计

   CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_types(
     type_id   SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
     type_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
     parent_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
  ); 

  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('家用电器',DEFAULT);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('电脑、办公',DEFAULT);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('大家电',1);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('生活电器',1);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('平板电视',3);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('空调',3);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('电风扇',4);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('饮水机',4);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('电脑整机',2);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('电脑配件',2);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('笔记本',9);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('超级本',9);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('游戏本',9);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('CPU',10);
  INSERT tdb_goods_types(type_name,parent_id) VALUES('主机',10);

-- 22.查找所有分类及其父类

  SELECT s.type_id,s.type_name,p.type_name FROM tdb_goods_types AS s LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_types AS  p ON s.parent_id = p.type_id;

-- 23.查找所有分类及其子类

  SELECT p.type_id,p.type_name,s.type_name FROM tdb_goods_types AS p LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_types AS  s ON s.parent_id = p.type_id;

-- 24.查找所有分类及其子类的数目

  SELECT p.type_id,p.type_name,count(s.type_name) AS children_count FROM tdb_goods_types AS p LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_types AS s ON s.parent_id = p.type_id GROUP BY p.type_name ORDER BY p.type_id;

-- 25.为tdb_goods_types添加child_count字段

  ALTER TABLE tdb_goods_types ADD child_count MEDIUMINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;

-- 26.将刚才查询到的子类数量更新到tdb_goods_types数据表

  UPDATE tdb_goods_types AS t1 INNER JOIN ( SELECT p.type_id,p.type_name,count(s.type_name) AS children_count FROM tdb_goods_types AS p 

                                            LEFT JOIN tdb_goods_types AS s ON s.parent_id = p.type_id 

                                            GROUP BY p.type_name 

                                            ORDER BY p.type_id ) AS t2 

  ON  t1.type_id = t2.type_id 

  SET t1.child_count = t2.children_count;


-- 27.复制编号为12,20的两条记录

  SELECT * FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_id IN (19,20);


-- 28.INSERT ... SELECT实现复制

  INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,cate_id,brand_id) SELECT goods_name,cate_id,brand_id FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_id IN (19,20);

-- 29.查找重复记录

  SELECT goods_id,goods_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY goods_name HAVING count(goods_name) >= 2;

-- 30.删除重复记录

  DELETE t1 FROM tdb_goods AS t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT goods_id,goods_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY goods_name HAVING count(goods_name) >= 2 ) AS t2  ON t1.goods_name = t2.goods_name  WHERE t1.goods_id > t2.goods_id