第18.7.2章 JDK9-12的新特性— String存储结构和API变更

7.2 String存储结构和API变更

这是JDK9的新特性。

产生背景：

Motivation
The current implementation of the String class stores characters in a char array, using two bytes (sixteen bits) for each character. Data gathered from many different applications indicates that strings are a major component of heap usage and, moreover, that most String objects contain only Latin-1 characters. Such characters require only one byte of storage, hence half of the space in the internal char arrays of such String objects is going unused.

使用说明：

Description
We propose to change the internal representation of the String class from a UTF-16 char array to a byte array plus an encoding-flag field. The new String class will store characters encoded either as ISO-8859-1/Latin-1 (one byte per character), or as UTF-16 (two bytes per character), based upon the contents of the string. The encoding flag will indicate which encoding is used.

结论：String 再也不用 char[] 来存储啦，改成了 byte[] 加上编码标记，节约了一些空间。

public final class String
    implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence {
    @Stable
    private final byte[] value;
	...
}

拓展：StringBuffer 与 StringBuilder

那StringBuffer 和 StringBuilder 是否仍无动于衷呢？

String-related classes such as AbstractStringBuilder, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer will be updated to use the same representation, as will the HotSpot VM's intrinsic string operations.

JDK11新特性：新增了一系列字符串处理方法

描述	举例
判断字符串是否为空白	" ".isBlank(); // true
去除首尾空白	" Javastack ".strip(); // "Javastack"
去除尾部空格	" Javastack ".stripTrailing(); // " Javastack"
去除首部空格	" Javastack ".stripLeading(); // "Javastack "
复制字符串	"Java".repeat(3);// "JavaJavaJava"
行数统计	"A\nB\nC".lines().count(); // 3

JDK12新特性：String 实现了 Constable 接口

String源码：

public final class String implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence,Constable, ConstantDesc {

java.lang.constant.Constable接口定义了抽象方法：

public interface Constable {
	Optional<? extends ConstantDesc> describeConstable();
}

Java 12 String 的实现源码：

/**
 * Returns an {@link Optional} containing the nominal descriptor for this
 * instance, which is the instance itself.
 *
 * @return an {@link Optional} describing the {@linkplain String} instance
 * @since 12
 */
@Override
public Optional<String> describeConstable() {
	return Optional.of(this);
}

很简单，其实就是调用 Optional.of 方法返回一个 Optional 类型。

举例：

private static void testDescribeConstable() {
	String name = "尚硅谷Java高级工程师";
	Optional<String> optional = name.describeConstable();
	System.out.println(optional.get());
}

结果输出：

尚硅谷Java高级工程师

JDK12新特性：String新增方法

String的transform(Function)

var result = "foo".transform(input -> input + " bar");
System.out.println(result); //foo bar

或者

var result = "foo".transform(input -> input + " bar").transform(String::toUpperCase)
System.out.println(result); //FOO BAR

对应的源码：

/**
* This method allows the application of a function to {@code this}
* string. The function should expect a single String argument
* and produce an {@code R} result.
* @since 12
*/
public <R> R transform(Function<? super String, ? extends R> f) {
 return f.apply(this);
}

在某种情况下，该方法应该被称为map()。

举例：

private static void testTransform() {
	System.out.println("======test java 12 transform======");
	List<String> list1 = List.of("Java", " Python", " C++ ");
	List<String> list2 = new ArrayList<>();
	list1.forEach(element -> list2.add(element.transform(String::strip)
		.transform(String::toUpperCase)
		.transform((e) -> "Hi," + e))
	);
	list2.forEach(System.out::println);
}

结果输出：

======test java 12 transform======
Hi,JAVA
Hi,PYTHON
Hi,C++

如果使用Java 8的Stream特性，可以如下实现：

private static void testTransform1() {
        System.out.println("======test before java 12 ======");
        List<String> list1 = List.of("Java  ", " Python", " C++ ");

        Stream<String> stringStream = list1.stream().map(element -> element.strip()).map(String::toUpperCase).map(element -> "Hello," + element);
        List<String> list2 = stringStream.collect(Collectors.toList());
        list2.forEach(System.out::println);
    }