less查看文本

3.14 less文本查看

3.14.1 语法

less [参数] 文件名
less - opposite of more

3.14.2 常用参数

• 基础操作
  【-b <缓冲区大小>】设置缓冲区的大小
  【-e】当文件显示结束后，自动离开
  【-f】强迫打开特殊文件，例如外围设备代号、目录和二进制文件
  【-g】只标识最后搜索的关键词
  【-i】忽略搜索时的大小写
  【-m】显示类似more命令的百分比
  【-N】显示每行的行号
  【-o <文件名>】将less输出的内容在指定文件中保存起来
  【-Q】不使用警告音
  【-s】显示连续空行为一行
  【-S】行过长时间将长处部分舍弃
  【-x <数字>】将“TAB”键显示为规定的数字空格（设置一个tab表示几个空格）

• 阅读导航
  【/字符串】：向下搜索“字符串”
  【?字符串】：向上搜索“字符串”
  【n】重复前一个搜索（与/或？有关）
  【N】反向重复前一个搜索（与/或？有关）
  【b】向后翻一页
  【d】向后翻半页
  【h】显示帮助界面
  【Q】退出less命令
  【u】向前滚动半页
  【y】向前滚动一行
  【空格键】滚动一页
  【回车键】滚动一行
  【pagedown】向下翻一页
  【pageup】向上翻一页

• 全屏导航
  【ctrl+F】向前滚动一屏
  【ctrl+B】向后滚动一屏
  【ctrl+D】向前滚动半屏
  【ctrl+U】向后滚动半屏

• 单行导航
  【j】向前移动一行
  【k】向后移动一行

• 标记导航
  【ma】使用a标记文本的当前位置
  【'a】当行标记a处

• 其他
  【G】移动到最后一行
  【g】移动到第一行
  【q/ZZ】退出less命令
  【v】进入编辑模式，编辑当前文件
  【h】显示less的帮助文档
  【&pattern】仅显示匹配模式的行，而不是整个文件

3.14.3 附加（man less）

NAME
       less - opposite of more

SYNOPSIS
       less -?
       less --help
       less -V
       less --version
       less [-[+]aBcCdeEfFgGiIJKLmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX~]
            [-b space] [-h lines] [-j line] [-k keyfile]
            [-{oO} logfile] [-p pattern] [-P prompt] [-t tag]
            [-T tagsfile] [-x tab,...] [-y lines] [-[z] lines]
            [-# shift] [+[+]cmd] [--] [filename]...
       (See the OPTIONS section for alternate option syntax with long option names.)

DESCRIPTION
       Less  is  a  program  similar to more (1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement.  Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before
       starting, so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like vi (1).  Less uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on  a  variety  of  terminals.
       There is even limited support for hardcopy terminals.  (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with a caret.)

       Commands are based on both more and vi.  Commands may be preceded by a decimal number, called N in the descriptions below.  The number is used by some commands, as indicated.

COMMANDS
       In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X.  ESC stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the two character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v".

       h or H Help: display a summary of these commands.  If you forget all the other commands, remember this one.

       SPACE or ^V or f or ^F
              Scroll  forward N lines, default one window (see option -z below).  If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed.  Warning: some systems use ^V as
              a special literalization character.

       z      Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size.

       ESC-SPACE
              Like SPACE, but scrolls a full screenful, even if it reaches end-of-file in the process.

       RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J
              Scroll forward N lines, default 1.  The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size.

       d or ^D
              Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size.  If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands.

       b or ^B or ESC-v
              Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z below).  If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed.

       w      Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size.

       y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K
              Scroll backward N lines, default 1.  The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size.  Warning: some systems use ^Y as a special job control  charac-
              ter.

       u or ^U
              Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size.  If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands.

       ESC-) or RIGHTARROW
              Scroll horizontally right N characters, default half the screen width (see the -# option).  If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW and LEFT-
              ARROW commands.  While the text is scrolled, it acts as though the -S option (chop lines) were in effect.

       ESC-( or LEFTARROW
              Scroll horizontally left N characters, default half the screen width (see the -# option).  If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW and  LEFT-
              ARROW commands.

       r or ^R or ^L
              Repaint the screen.

       R      Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input.  Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed.

       F      Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the end of file is reached.  Normally this command would be used when already at the end of the file.  It is a way to monitor the
              tail of a file which is growing while it is being viewed.  (The behavior is similar to the "tail -f" command.)

       g or < or ESC-<
              Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file).  (Warning: this may be slow if N is large.)

       G or > or ESC->
              Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file.  (Warning: this may be slow if N is large, or if N is not specified and standard input, rather than a  file,  is  being
              read.)

       p or % Go to a position N percent into the file.  N should be between 0 and 100, and may contain a decimal point.

       P      Go to the line containing byte offset N in the file.

       {      If a left curly bracket appears in the top line displayed on the screen, the { command will go to the matching right curly bracket.  The matching right curly bracket is posi-
              tioned on the bottom line of the screen.  If there is more than one left curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line.

       }      If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line displayed on the screen, the } command will go to the matching left curly bracket.  The matching  left  curly  bracket  is
              positioned on the top line of the screen.  If there is more than one right curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line.

       (      Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets.

       )      Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets.

       [      Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets.

       ]      Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets.

       ESC-^F Followed by two characters, acts like {, but uses the two characters as open and close brackets, respectively.  For example, "ESC ^F < >" could be used to go forward to the >
              which matches the < in the top displayed line.

       ESC-^B Followed by two characters, acts like }, but uses the two characters as open and close brackets, respectively.  For example, "ESC ^B < >" could be used to go backward to  the
              < which matches the > in the bottom displayed line.

       m      Followed by any lowercase letter, marks the current position with that letter.

       ’      (Single  quote.)   Followed  by  any lowercase letter, returns to the position which was previously marked with that letter.  Followed by another single quote, returns to the
              position at which the last "large" movement command was executed.  Followed by a ^ or $, jumps to the beginning or end of the file respectively.  Marks are preserved  when  a
              new file is examined, so the ’ command can be used to switch between input files.

       ^X^X   Same as single quote.

       /pattern
              Search  forward  in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern.  N defaults to 1.  The pattern is a regular expression, as recognized by the regular expression library
              supplied by your system.  The search starts at the second line displayed (but see the -a and -j options, which change this).

              Certain characters are special if entered at the beginning of the pattern; they modify the type of search rather than become part of the pattern:

              ^N or !
                     Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern.

              ^E or *
                     Search multiple files.  That is, if the search reaches the END of the current file without finding a match, the search continues in the next file in the  command  line
                     list.

              ^F or @
                     Begin  the search at the first line of the FIRST file in the command line list, regardless of what is currently displayed on the screen or the settings of the -a or -j
                     options.

              ^K     Highlight any text which matches the pattern on the current screen, but don’t move to the first match (KEEP current position).

              ^R     Don’t interpret regular expression metacharacters; that is, do a simple textual comparison.

       ?pattern
              Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern.  The search starts at the line immediately before the top line displayed.

              Certain characters are special as in the / command:

              ^N or !
                     Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern.

              ^E or *
                     Search multiple files.  That is, if the search reaches the beginning of the current file without finding a match, the search continues in the previous file in the com-
                     mand line list.

              ^F or @
                     Begin  the  search  at the last line of the