Struts2的工作原理，如下面的图所示，这其中有很多值得去挖掘学习的东西。
本篇博客就从这张图出发，
一步步来介绍一下工作流程的核心步骤。
本图流程是从HttpServletRequest对象开始。所以很容易想到需要先实例化出对象。
1. 客户端初始化一个指向Servlet容器，如tomcat，发出请求，实例化HttpServletRequest和HttpServletResponse对象。
2. 请求经过一系列过滤器（filters），最后是调用FilterDispatcher过滤器，询问ActionMapper是否要调用某个Action。
调用的方法源代码：
//StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter类
public void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) req;
HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) res;
try {
prepare.setEncodingAndLocale(request, response);
prepare.createActionContext(request, response);
prepare.assignDispatcherToThread();
if ( excludedPatterns != null && prepare.isUrlExcluded(request, excludedPatterns)) {
chain.doFilter(request, response);
} else {
request = prepare.wrapRequest(request);
//寻找对应的Action进行匹配
ActionMapping mapping = prepare.findActionMapping(request, response, true);
//如果mapping为空，则执行chain.doFileter,否则执行executeAction
if (mapping == null) {
boolean handled = execute.executeStaticResourceRequest(request, response);
if (!handled) {
chain.doFilter(request, response);
}
} else {
execute.executeAction(request, response, mapping);
}
}
} finally {
prepare.cleanupRequest(request);
}
}
//Dispatcher类
public void serviceAction(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, ServletContext context, ActionMapping mapping) throws ServletException {
Map<String, Object> extraContext = createContextMap(request, response, mapping, context);
// If there was a previous value stack, then create a new copy and pass it in to be used by the new Action
ValueStack stack = (ValueStack)request.getAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY);
boolean nullStack = stack == null;
if (nullStack) {
ActionContext ctx = ActionContext.getContext();
if (ctx != null) {
stack = ctx.getValueStack();
}
}
if (stack != null) {
extraContext.put(ActionContext.VALUE_STACK, valueStackFactory.createValueStack(stack));
}
String timerKey = "Handling request from Dispatcher";
try {
UtilTimerStack.push(timerKey);
String namespace = mapping.getNamespace();
String name = mapping.getName();
String method = mapping.getMethod();
Configuration config = configurationManager.getConfiguration();
// 创建代理
ActionProxy proxy = config.getContainer().getInstance(ActionProxyFactory.class).createActionProxy(
namespace, name, method, extraContext, true, false);
request.setAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY, proxy.getInvocation().getStack());
// if the ActionMapping says to go straight to a result, do it!
if (mapping.getResult() != null) {
Result result = mapping.getResult();
result.execute(proxy.getInvocation());
} else {
proxy.execute();
}
// If there was a previous value stack then set it back onto the request
if (!nullStack) {
request.setAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY, stack);
}
} catch (ConfigurationException e) {
// WW-2874 Only log error if in devMode
if(devMode) {
LOG.error("Could not find action or result", e);
}
else {
LOG.warn("Could not find action or result", e);
}
sendError(request, response, context, HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND, e);
} catch (Exception e) {
sendError(request, response, context, HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, e);
} finally {
UtilTimerStack.pop(timerKey);
}
}
3.
如果ActionMapper决定需要调用某个Action，FilterDispatcher把请求的处理交给ActionProxy.
4.
ActionProxy通过Prepare()方法，对config进行判断，获取配置文件中对应的命名空间和Action名称。
protected void prepare() {
String profileKey = "create DefaultActionProxy: ";
try {
UtilTimerStack.push(profileKey);
config = configuration.getRuntimeConfiguration().getActionConfig(namespace, actionName);
if (config == null && unknownHandlerManager.hasUnknownHandlers()) {
config = unknownHandlerManager.handleUnknownAction(namespace, actionName);
}
if (config == null) {
String message;
if ((namespace != null) && (namespace.trim().length() > 0)) {
message = LocalizedTextUtil.findDefaultText(XWorkMessages.MISSING_PACKAGE_ACTION_EXCEPTION, Locale.getDefault(), new String[]{
namespace, actionName
});
} else {
message = LocalizedTextUtil.findDefaultText(XWorkMessages.MISSING_ACTION_EXCEPTION, Locale.getDefault(), new String[]{
actionName
});
}
throw new ConfigurationException(message);
}
resolveMethod();
if (!config.isAllowedMethod(method)) {
throw new ConfigurationException("Invalid method: "+method+" for action "+actionName);
}
// 此处的invocation对象是核心，下面会有它的一系列的操作
invocation.init(this);
} finally {
UtilTimerStack.pop(profileKey);
}
} <struts>
<!-- 需要继承struts-default包，这样就拥有最基本的功能 -->
<package name="struts2" extends="struts-default">
<!-- 配置对应的action，根据返回的字符串信息，转到对应的jsp文件，如下实例 -->
<action name="login" class="com.struts2.loginAction">
<result name="success">/success.jsp</result>
<result name="error">/error.jsp</result>
</action>
</package>
</struts>
从源代码中，不难发现，ActionInvocation是一个接口，DefaultActionInvocation默认实现此接口。
/**
* The Default ActionInvocation implementation
*
* @author Rainer Hermanns
* @author tmjee
* @version $Date: 2009-09-16 22:33:36 +0200 (Wed, 16 Sep 2009) $ $Id: DefaultActionInvocation.java 2056 2009-09-16 20:33:36Z rainerh $
* @see com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxy
*/
public class DefaultActionInvocation implements ActionInvocation {
..
}
1. 初始化 init()
public void init(ActionProxy proxy) {
this.proxy = proxy;
Map<String, Object> contextMap = createContextMap();
// Setting this so that other classes, like object factories, can use the ActionProxy and other
// contextual information to operate
ActionContext actionContext = ActionContext.getContext();
if (actionContext != null) {
actionContext.setActionInvocation(this);
}
createAction(contextMap);
if (pushAction) {
stack.push(action);
contextMap.put("action", action);
}
invocationContext = new ActionContext(contextMap);
invocationContext.setName(proxy.getActionName());
// get a new List so we don't get problems with the iterator if someone changes the list
List<InterceptorMapping> interceptorList = new ArrayList<InterceptorMapping>(proxy.getConfig().getInterceptors());
interceptors = interceptorList.iterator();
} protected void createAction(Map<String, Object> contextMap) {
// load action
String timerKey = "actionCreate: " + proxy.getActionName();
try {
UtilTimerStack.push(timerKey);
action = objectFactory.buildAction(proxy.getActionName(), proxy.getNamespace(), proxy.getConfig(), contextMap);
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
throw new XWorkException("Unable to intantiate Action!", e, proxy.getConfig());
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
throw new XWorkException("Illegal access to constructor, is it public?", e, proxy.getConfig());
} catch (Exception e) {
String gripe = "";
if (proxy == null) {
gripe = "Whoa! No ActionProxy instance found in current ActionInvocation. This is bad ... very bad";
} else if (proxy.getConfig() == null) {
gripe = "Sheesh. Where'd that ActionProxy get to? I can't find it in the current ActionInvocation!?";
} else if (proxy.getConfig().getClassName() == null) {
gripe = "No Action defined for '" + proxy.getActionName() + "' in namespace '" + proxy.getNamespace() + "'";
} else {
gripe = "Unable to instantiate Action, " + proxy.getConfig().getClassName() + ", defined for '" + proxy.getActionName() + "' in namespace '" + proxy.getNamespace() + "'";
}
gripe += (((" -- " + e.getMessage()) != null) ? e.getMessage() : " [no message in exception]");
throw new XWorkException(gripe, e, proxy.getConfig());
} finally {
UtilTimerStack.pop(timerKey);
}
if (actionEventListener != null) {
action = actionEventListener.prepare(action, stack);
}
}public Object buildAction(String actionName, String namespace, ActionConfig config, Map<String, Object> extraContext) throws Exception {
return buildBean(config.getClassName(), extraContext);
}
public Object buildBean(String beanName, Map<String, Object> extraContext, boolean injectInternal) throws Exception {
Object o = null;
try {
o = appContext.getBean(beanName);
} catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException e) {
Class beanClazz = getClassInstance(beanName);
o = buildBean(beanClazz, extraContext);
}
if (injectInternal) {
injectInternalBeans(o);
}
return o;
} public String invoke() throws Exception {
String profileKey = "invoke: ";
try {
UtilTimerStack.push(profileKey);
if (executed) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Action has already executed");
}
if (interceptors.hasNext()) {
final InterceptorMapping interceptor = (InterceptorMapping) interceptors.next();
String interceptorMsg = "interceptor: " + interceptor.getName();
UtilTimerStack.push(interceptorMsg);
try {
resultCode = interceptor.getInterceptor().intercept(DefaultActionInvocation.this);
}
finally {
UtilTimerStack.pop(interceptorMsg);
}
} else {
resultCode = invokeActionOnly();
}
// this is needed because the result will be executed, then control will return to the Interceptor, which will
// return above and flow through again
if (!executed) {
if (preResultListeners != null) {
for (Object preResultListener : preResultListeners) {
PreResultListener listener = (PreResultListener) preResultListener;
String _profileKey = "preResultListener: ";
try {
UtilTimerStack.push(_profileKey);
listener.beforeResult(this, resultCode);
}
finally {
UtilTimerStack.pop(_profileKey);
}
}
}
// now execute the result, if we're supposed to
if (proxy.getExecuteResult()) {
executeResult();
}
executed = true;
}
return resultCode;
}
finally {
UtilTimerStack.pop(profileKey);
}
}
5. 最后得到结果，拦截器出栈（先进后出），上图框出部分，返回HttpServletResponse对象。
在此学习过程中，一张图，简单又不简单。但从查看源代码去看，一步步的调用关系非常清楚，从而对理解此工作原理有了极大的帮助。
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