在本篇中, 我们将通过建立一个代码黏贴板(pastebin), 来熟悉组成REST framework的各组成部分, 并了解这些部件是如何相互协调工作的.
1. 环境设置
首先我们使用virtualenvwrapper创建新的virtualenv, 并安装需要的代码库:
mkvirtualenv env
pip install django
pip install djangorestframework
pip install pygments # 用于代码高亮2. Django项目设置
我们建立Django项目tutorial, 和app snippets
django-admin.py startproject tutorial
cd tutorial
python manage.py startapp snippets设置settings.py:
# tutorial/settings.py
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2',
'NAME': 'database_name',
'USER': 'database_user',
'PASSWORD': 'database_password',
'HOST': '',
'PORT': ''
}
}
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'rest_framework',
'snippets',
)设置urls.py, 将新建的snippet app中的urls.py加入到其中:
# tutorial/urls.py
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^', include('snippets.urls')),
)3. 创建Model
我们建立Snippet Model用于储存代码:
# snippet/models.py
from django.db import models
from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers
from pygments.styles import get_all_styles
LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]
LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])
STYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())
class Snippet(models.Model):
created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')
code = models.TextField()
linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)
language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES,
default='python',
max_length=100)
style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES,
default='friendly',
max_length=100)
class Meta:
ordering = ('created',)启动django服务器:
python manage.py syncdb4. 创建Serializer
第一步我们需要为我们的API提供序列化和反序列化的方法, 将snippet实例转为json等方式呈现数据. 我们可以使用Serializer达到这一目的, Serializer和django forms十分相似. 我们建立snippet/serializers.py文件:
# snippets/serializers.py
from django.forms import widgets
from rest_framework import serializers
from snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
pk = serializers.Field() # `Field` 是无类型, 只读的.
title = serializers.CharField(required=False,
max_length=100)
code = serializers.CharField(widget=widgets.Textarea,
max_length=100000)
linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)
language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES,
default='python')
style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES,
default='friendly')
def restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):
"""
创建或更新一个snippet实例, 返回该snippet实例
如果不定义该function, 则反序列化时将返回一个包括所有field的dict
"""
if instance:
# 更新已存在的snippet实例
instance.title = attrs.get('title', instance.title)
instance.code = attrs.get('code', instance.code)
instance.linenos = attrs.get('linenos', instance.linenos)
instance.language = attrs.get('language', instance.language)
instance.style = attrs.get('style', instance.style)
return instance
# Create new instance
return Snippet(**attrs)以上代码第一部分定义了序列化和反序列化的项, 第二部分restore_object function则定义了符合要求的已序列化snippet实例如何反序列化.
注意, 我们也可以使用在django form中使用的参数, 比如widget=widgets.Textarea. 这些参数可以控制serializer如何显示为HTML form, 尤其是在构建可浏览的API时, 十分有用, 我们也会在今后的博文中详细介绍.
如果想快速的构建serializer, 我们也可以使用ModelSerializer, 我们会在稍后介绍:
5. 使用serializer
在继续完成该项目前, 我们先熟悉一下serializer, 是有manage.py shell启动django shell:
python manage.py shellimport必要的代码库并创建2个snippet实例:
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
snippet = Snippet(code='foo = "bar"\n')
snippet.save()
snippet = Snippet(code='print "hello, world"\n')
snippet.save()序列化其中一个实例:
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
serializer.data
# {'pk': 2, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print "hello, world"\n', 'linenos': False, 'language':
u'python', 'style': u'friendly'}以上代码已将snippet实例转化为Python基本数据类型, 接下来我们完成序列化:
content = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)
content
# '{"pk": 2, "title": "", "code": "print \\"hello, world\\"\\n", "linenos": false,
"language": "python", "style": "friendly"}'反序列化也是类似的, 首先将stream转为python基本类型:
# 根据我们使用的是 python 2 或是 python 3
# 这一import会自动引入 `StringIO.StringIO` 或 `io.BytesIO`
from rest_framework.compat import BytesIO
stream = BytesIO(content)
data = JSONParser().parse(stream)然后我们将它转化为snippet实例:
serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
serializer.is_valid()
# True
serializer.object
# <Snippet: Snippet object>可见, serializer和django form 有多么相似, 当我们写view时, 这一相似性会更加明显.
当我们输入参数many=True时, serializer还能序列化queryset:
serializer = SnippetSerializer(Snippet.objects.all(), many=True)
serializer.data
# [{'pk': 1, 'title': u'', 'code': u'foo = "bar"\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': u'python',
'style': u'friendly'}, {'pk': 2, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print "hello, world"\n', 'linenos': False,
'language': u'python', 'style': u'friendly'}]6. 使用 ModelSerializers
在我们的SnippetSerializer中, 包含了许多与model重复的field, 那么是否能将这些代码变得更紧凑呢? 当然可以!
就像Django提供ModelForm一样, django_rest_framework提供了ModelSerializer.
我们修改之前的SnippetSerializer:
#snippets/serializers.py
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Snippet
fields = ('id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')7. 在Views中使用Serializer
以下代码中, 为了更好的理解Serializer, 我们只使用django_rest_framework的Serializer部件和Django最基本的function_base_view.
首先创建能返回json数据的HttpResponse:
# snippets/views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
class JSONResponse(HttpResponse):
"""
将内容转为JSON格式的HttpResponse
"""
def __init__(self, data, **kwargs):
content = JSONRenderer().render(data)
kwargs['content_type'] = 'application/json'
super(JSONResponse, self).__init__(content, **kwargs)我们API的根目录是一个list view, 用于展示所有存在的snippet, 或建立新的snippet:
# snippets/views.py
@csrf_exempt
def snippet_list(request):
"""
展示所有存在的snippet, 或建立新的snippet
"""
if request.method == 'GET':
snippets = Snippet.objects.all()
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
elif request.method == 'POST':
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JSONResponse(serializer.data, status=201)
return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)注意, 为了简便, 我们希望在POST时不使用csrf, 因此使用了csrf_exempt. 这不是通常应该做的, 而且django_rest_framework默认使用了更为安全的方式.
用于展示, 更新或删除的view:
# snippets/views.py
@csrf_exempt
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
"""
展示, 更新或删除一个snippet
"""
try:
snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)
except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status=404)
if request.method == 'GET':
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
elif request.method == 'PUT':
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)
elif request.method == 'DELETE':
snippet.delete()
return HttpResponse(status=204)最后修改urls.py, 使这些view通电
# snippets/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
urlpatterns = patterns('snippets.views',
url(r'^snippets/$', 'snippet_list'),
url(r'^snippets/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', 'snippet_detail'),
)需要注意的是, 我们还有许多错误处理没有涉及, 例如提交错误的json, 使用view不支持的http method等. 同样处于更好的理解serializer的目的, 这些错误都会返回500错误页.
8. 测试
首先我们推出shell:
quit()启动django server:
python manage.py runserver在另外的终端中:
curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/
[{"id": 1, "title": "", "code": "foo = \"bar\"\n", "linenos": false, "language": "python", "style":
"friendly"}, {"id": 2, "title": "", "code": "print \"hello, world\"\n", "linenos": false, "language":
"python", "style": "friendly"}]或者我们使用id获取一个snippet:
curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/2/
{"id": 2, "title": "", "code": "print \"hello, world\"\n", "linenos": false,
"language": "python", "style": "friendly"}同样, 我们也可以使用浏览器测试这些API.
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