Oracle Essbase入门系列(一)

1. 开篇序

本文是几年前做Hyperion Planning项目时写的,后来陆陆续续有些补充。本来打算将整个EPM写一系列的教程,但HFM写到1/3就没动力了。不过至少Essbase这部分是完整的。

Essbase主要是作为Planning后端数据库使用。Planning的技术难点在于Essbase,所以搞Planning深入下去就是在搞Essbase;反过来说,熟悉了Essbase,上手Planning就很简单,无非是在Essbase基础上加了Form、Process Management等功能,再学学Driver-based Planning、Rolling Forcasting等知识,就算是Planning专家了。

2. OLAP概念

联机分析处理OLAP通常是以多维的形式对数据进行钻取、汇总、切片、旋转等操作,以满足多层次、多角度数据分析的过程。OLAP包括两部分——提供用户多维操作的前端和支持多维分析的后端数据库。多维数据库,既可以是将数据以星形结构组织的RDBMS,也可以是Essbase这种专门的多维数据库。

Essbase的维度是value-based dimension,即树型结构,维度中的成员按照层次组织,形成父子级关系,其中的每个成员可包含若干个子成员。最底层的成员没有子成员,称作叶成员(Leaf Member)或基成员(Base Member),而最顶级成员是根成员。如下图的帐户维,将家庭收支项按层级关联起来形成树型结构。

维度的层级结构决定了数据沿向上合并(consolidation)和向下分配(allocation)的计算路径,如下图。

上面是单个维度的结构后,然后再来谈论多维的情况。多维数据库,顾名思义是由多个维度组成,各维度成员的组合是数据存储的最小单位,称为单元格(cell)。作为例子,假定一个家庭记账的多维数据库,由如下三个维度组成。为了便于说明,这里的维度仅截取了部分成员。

  • 日期维,成员包括一季度、一月、二月、三月,其中一季度是父成员。
  • 支出帐户维,成员包括日用品、衣物、洗涤,其中日用品是父成员。
  • 家庭成员维,成员包括家庭、张大明、王翠花,其中家庭是父成员。

在这个多维数据库中,日期维有4个成员,支出帐户维有3个成员,家庭成员维有3个成员。那么一共有4 × 3 × 3 = 36中维度成员组合,即有36个单元格,意味着这个数据库仅能存储36个数值。将这个数据库形象的描绘成下图的三维立方体,三个维度是立方体的轴。图中以维度成员将立方体进行分割,形成了36个小块,这些小块就是单元格。如暗色单元格,是由成员组合(一月,日用品,张大明)构成。

 

在三个维度中,日期维的叶成员有3个,支出维的叶成员有2个,家庭成员维的叶成员有2个。则36个单元格中,有3 × 2 × 2 = 12个是叶成员组合单元格。类似单一维度成员合并方法,非叶单元格可沿维度层次,由叶单元格合并而得。例如维度成员组合(一月,日用品,张大明),由(一月,衣物,张大明)和(一月,洗涤,张大明)两个单元格汇总。

3. Essbase概念

EPM系统按产品可创建不同类型的应用程序,Essbase的应用程序是多维数据库的集合,即每个应用程序下可包含若干个多维数据库,每个数据库有独立的维度模型和数据存储。

Essbase将数据库的维度模型称为大纲(Outline),多维数据库的开发工作很大部分是大纲开发,大纲开发主要是创建维度成员和定义计算方法。

Essbase中以“代(Generation)”和“级(Level)”来标注维度层次,根成员被标注为1代,其下一层被标注为2代,依次向下代数逐渐增大;反过来,叶成员被标注为0级,其上一层被标注为1级,依次向上级数逐渐增大。以下图的维度层次为例,成员名称前的G表示代数,L表示级数。

维度的成员之间存在子代(Children)、后代(Descendants)、同级(Siblings)、父级(Parent)、祖级(Ancestors)共5种关系,说明如下。

系统架构上,Essbase是由多个组件组成。下图将Essbase的组件分成三部分,左边是Essbase Server,它是多维数据库服务,Essbase应用程序会部署到Essbase Server;右边是客户端工具,含OLAP前端应用工具和Essbase开发管理工具;在Essbase Server和客户端工具之间的是中间层服务,负责双方之间的通讯。

此外跟Essbase相关的工具主要有:

  • Hyperion Planning — Planning使用Essbase作为数据库存储和计算数据。
  • Hyperion Profitability and Cost Management — 跟Planning类似,HPCM使用Essbase BSO做分摊计算,使用Essbase ASO做报告。
  • Essbase Analytics Link for Hyperion Financial Management — 可以将HFM数据导到Essbase中做分析。
  • Hyperion Smart View — Oracle BI和EPM的客户端,跟Office整合,能直接连接Essbase数据库。
  • Hyperion Visual Explorer — Tableau的OEM版本,在以前版本中会随Smart View一起安装,同样支持Essbase数据源。
  • Oracle Crystal Ball — 蒙特卡罗模拟工具,新版本跟EPM整合,可以使用Essbase内部的计算代替Excel上的计算公式做模拟。
  • Oracle BIEE — Oracle的BI产品,可使用Essbase作为数据源。
  • Hyperion Essbase Spreadsheet Add-in — Office插件,已被Smart View取代。
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