http://www.blogjava.net/usherlight/archive/2015/06/16/425740.html
(PowerMock主要是作为Mockito的一种补充,后面有Mockito的用法)
本文将简单介绍如何使用PowerMock和Mockito来mock
1. 构造函数
2. 静态函数
3. 枚举实现的单例
4. 选择参数值做为函数的返回值
5. 在调用mock出来的方法中,改变方法参数的值
一点简要说明:Mockito其实已经可以满足大部分的需求,但是它的实现机制是使用cglib来动态创建接口的类的实例。但是这种实现方式不能用于构造函数和静态函数,因为那需要使用类的字节码(比如使用javassist). 所以我们才需要结合使用PowerMock.
1. mock构造函数, 如果有代码没有使用DI注入依赖实例,在单元测试中可以使用PowerMock来模拟创建对象。
注意的开始两行的2个注解 @RunWith 和 @PrepareForTest
@RunWith比较简单,后面始终是PowerMockRunner.class
@PrepareForText后面需要加的是调用构造函数的类名,而不是有构造函数的类本身。
在下面的例子中,我们要测试的类是:Helper, 在Helper类中调用了Somthing类的构造函数来创建实例。
@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.
class)
@PrepareForTest(Helper.
class)
public
class HelperTest {
@Mock
private Something mockSomething;
@InjectMocks
private Helper helper;
@Test
public
void doSomething()
throws Exception {
String argument = "arg";
PowerMockito.whenNew(Something.
class).withArguments(argument).thenReturn(mockSomething);
// 调用需要测试方法
helper.doSomething(argument);
// 进行验证
verify(mockSomething).doIt();
}
}
public class Helper {
public void doSomething(String arg) {
Something something = new Something(arg);
something.doit();
}
}
2,mock 静态函数, 单例模式就是一个典型的会调用静态函数的例子。 注意要点与mock构造函数相同。
class ClassWithStatics {
public
static String getString() {
return "String";
}
public
static
int getInt() {
return 1;
}
}
@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.
class)
@PrepareForTest(ClassWithStatics.
class)
public
class StubJustOneStatic {
@Test
public
void test() {
PowerMockito.mockStatic(ClassWithStatics.
class);
when(ClassWithStatics.getString()).thenReturn("Hello!");
System.out.println("String: " + ClassWithStatics.getString());
System.out.println("Int: " + ClassWithStatics.getInt());
}
}
3。mock枚举实现的单例
SingletonObject.java
public String consumeSingletonObject() {
return String.valueOf(SingletonObject.INSTANCE.getNum());
}
}
SingletonConsumerTest.java
when(myMock.myFunction(anyString())).then(returnsFirstArg());
其中returnsFirstArg()是org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers中的一个静态方法。
在这个类中还有其他的一些类似方法
returnsSecondArg()
returnsLastArg()
ReturnsArgumentAt(int position)
5. 在调用mock出来的方法中,改变方法参数的值
when( myMock.someMethod( any( List.
class ) ) ).thenAnswer( (
new Answer<Void>() {
@Override
public Void answer( InvocationOnMock invocation )
throws Throwable {
Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
List arg1 = (List)args[0];
arg1.add("12345");
return
null;
}
} ) );
Verifying with generic parameters
verify
(
someService
).
process
(
Matchers
.<
Collection
<
Person
>>
any
());
verify(adunoMasterBaseProcessor).processBinFiles( anyListOf(File.class) );
官网: http://mockito.org
API文档:http://docs.mockito.googlecode.com/hg/org/mockito/Mockito.html
项目源码:https://github.com/mockito/mockito
首先添加maven依赖
- <dependency>
- <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
- <artifactId>mockito-all</artifactId>
- <version>1.9.5</version>
- <scope>test</scope>
- </dependency>
当然mockito需要junit配合使用
- <dependency>
- <groupId>junit</groupId>
- <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
- <version>4.11</version>
- <scope>test</scope>
- </dependency>
然后为了使代码更简洁,最好在测试类中导入静态资源
- import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
- import static org.junit.Assert.*;
下面我们开始使用mockito来做测试
1、验证行为
- @Test
- public void verify_behaviour(){
-
- List mock = mock(List.class);
-
- mock.add(1);
- mock.clear();
-
- verify(mock).add(1);
- verify(mock).clear();
- }
2、模拟我们所期望的结果
- @Test
- public void when_thenReturn(){
-
- Iterator iterator = mock(Iterator.class);
-
- when(iterator.next()).thenReturn("hello").thenReturn("world");
-
- String result = iterator.next() + " " + iterator.next() + " " + iterator.next();
-
- assertEquals("hello world world",result);
- }
- @Test(expected = IOException.class)
- public void when_thenThrow() throws IOException {
- OutputStream outputStream = mock(OutputStream.class);
- OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream);
-
- doThrow(new IOException()).when(outputStream).close();
- outputStream.close();
- }
3、参数匹配
- @Test
- public void with_arguments(){
- Comparable comparable = mock(Comparable.class);
-
- when(comparable.compareTo("Test")).thenReturn(1);
- when(comparable.compareTo("Omg")).thenReturn(2);
- assertEquals(1, comparable.compareTo("Test"));
- assertEquals(2, comparable.compareTo("Omg"));
-
- assertEquals(0, comparable.compareTo("Not stub"));
- }
除了匹配制定参数外,还可以匹配自己想要的任意参数
- @Test
- public void with_unspecified_arguments(){
- List list = mock(List.class);
-
- when(list.get(anyInt())).thenReturn(1);
- when(list.contains(argThat(new IsValid()))).thenReturn(true);
- assertEquals(1, list.get(1));
- assertEquals(1, list.get(999));
- assertTrue(list.contains(1));
- assertTrue(!list.contains(3));
- }
-
- private class IsValid extends ArgumentMatcher<List>{
- @Override
- public boolean matches(Object o) {
- return o == 1 || o == 2;
- }
- }
需要注意的是如果你使用了参数匹配,那么所有的参数都必须通过matchers来匹配
- @Test
- public void all_arguments_provided_by_matchers(){
- Comparator comparator = mock(Comparator.class);
- comparator.compare("nihao","hello");
-
- verify(comparator).compare(anyString(),eq("hello"));
-
-
- }
4、验证确切的调用次数
- @Test
- public void verifying_number_of_invocations(){
- List list = mock(List.class);
- list.add(1);
- list.add(2);
- list.add(2);
- list.add(3);
- list.add(3);
- list.add(3);
-
- verify(list).add(1);
- verify(list,times(1)).add(1);
-
- verify(list,times(2)).add(2);
-
- verify(list,times(3)).add(3);
-
- verify(list,never()).add(4);
-
- verify(list,atLeastOnce()).add(1);
-
- verify(list,atLeast(2)).add(2);
-
- verify(list,atMost(3)).add(3);
- </span>}
5、模拟方法体抛出异常
- @Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
- public void doThrow_when(){
- List list = mock(List.class);
- doThrow(new RuntimeException()).when(list).add(1);
- list.add(1);
- }
6、验证执行顺序
- @Test
- public void verification_in_order(){
- List list = mock(List.class);
- List list2 = mock(List.class);
- list.add(1);
- list2.add("hello");
- list.add(2);
- list2.add("world");
-
- InOrder inOrder = inOrder(list,list2);
-
- inOrder.verify(list).add(1);
- inOrder.verify(list2).add("hello");
- inOrder.verify(list).add(2);
- inOrder.verify(list2).add("world");
- }
7、确保模拟对象上无互动发生
- @Test
- public void verify_interaction(){
- List list = mock(List.class);
- List list2 = mock(List.class);
- List list3 = mock(List.class);
- list.add(1);
- verify(list).add(1);
- verify(list,never()).add(2);
-
- verifyZeroInteractions(list2,list3);
- }
8、找出冗余的互动(即未被验证到的)
- @Test(expected = NoInteractionsWanted.class)
- public void find_redundant_interaction(){
- List list = mock(List.class);
- list.add(1);
- list.add(2);
- verify(list,times(2)).add(anyInt());
-
- verifyNoMoreInteractions(list);
-
- List list2 = mock(List.class);
- list2.add(1);
- list2.add(2);
- verify(list2).add(1);
-
- verifyNoMoreInteractions(list2);
- }
9、使用注解来快速模拟
在上面的测试中我们在每个测试方法里都mock了一个List对象,为了避免重复的mock,是测试类更具有可读性,我们可以使用下面的注解方式来快速模拟对象:
- @Mock
- private List mockList;
OK,我们再用注解的mock对象试试
- @Test
- public void shorthand(){
- mockList.add(1);
- verify(mockList).add(1);
- }
运行这个测试类你会发现报错了,mock的对象为NULL,为此我们必须在基类中添加初始化mock的代码
- public class MockitoExample2 {
- @Mock
- private List mockList;
-
- public MockitoExample2(){
- MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
- }
-
- @Test
- public void shorthand(){
- mockList.add(1);
- verify(mockList).add(1);
- }
- }
或者使用built-in runner:MockitoJUnitRunner
- @RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
- public class MockitoExample2 {
- @Mock
- private List mockList;
-
- @Test
- public void shorthand(){
- mockList.add(1);
- verify(mockList).add(1);
- }
- }
更多的注解还有@Captor,@Spy,@InjectMocks
10、连续调用
- @Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
- public void consecutive_calls(){
-
- when(mockList.get(0)).thenReturn(0);
- when(mockList.get(0)).thenReturn(1);
- when(mockList.get(0)).thenReturn(2);
- when(mockList.get(1)).thenReturn(0).thenReturn(1).thenThrow(new RuntimeException());
- assertEquals(2,mockList.get(0));
- assertEquals(2,mockList.get(0));
- assertEquals(0,mockList.get(1));
- assertEquals(1,mockList.get(1));
-
- mockList.get(1);
- }
11、使用回调生成期望值
- @Test
- public void answer_with_callback(){
-
- when(mockList.get(anyInt())).thenAnswer(new Answer<Object>() {
- @Override
- public Object answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
- Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
- return "hello world:"+args[0];
- }
- });
- assertEquals("hello world:0",mockList.get(0));
- assertEquals("hello world:999",mockList.get(999));
- }
12、监控真实对象
使用spy来监控真实的对象,需要注意的是此时我们需要谨慎的使用when-then语句,而改用do-when语句
- @Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)
- public void spy_on_real_objects(){
- List list = new LinkedList();
- List spy = spy(list);
-
-
-
-
- doReturn(999).when(spy).get(999);
-
- when(spy.size()).thenReturn(100);
-
- spy.add(1);
- spy.add(2);
- assertEquals(100,spy.size());
- assertEquals(1,spy.get(0));
- assertEquals(2,spy.get(1));
- verify(spy).add(1);
- verify(spy).add(2);
- assertEquals(999,spy.get(999));
- spy.get(2);
- }
13、修改对未预设的调用返回默认期望值
- @Test
- public void unstubbed_invocations(){
-
- List mock = mock(List.class,new Answer() {
- @Override
- public Object answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
- return 999;
- }
- });
-
- assertEquals(999, mock.get(1));
-
- assertEquals(999,mock.size());
- }
14、捕获参数来进一步断言
- @Test
- public void capturing_args(){
- PersonDao personDao = mock(PersonDao.class);
- PersonService personService = new PersonService(personDao);
-
- ArgumentCaptor<Person> argument = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Person.class);
- personService.update(1,"jack");
- verify(personDao).update(argument.capture());
- assertEquals(1,argument.getValue().getId());
- assertEquals("jack",argument.getValue().getName());
- }
-
- class Person{
- private int id;
- private String name;
-
- Person(int id, String name) {
- this.id = id;
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public int getId() {
- return id;
- }
-
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
- }
-
- interface PersonDao{
- public void update(Person person);
- }
-
- class PersonService{
- private PersonDao personDao;
-
- PersonService(PersonDao personDao) {
- this.personDao = personDao;
- }
-
- public void update(int id,String name){
- personDao.update(new Person(id,name));
- }
- }
15、真实的部分mock
- @Test
- public void real_partial_mock(){
-
- List list = spy(new ArrayList());
- assertEquals(0,list.size());
- A a = mock(A.class);
-
- when(a.doSomething(anyInt())).thenCallRealMethod();
- assertEquals(999,a.doSomething(999));
- }
-
-
- class A{
- public int doSomething(int i){
- return i;
- }
- }
16、重置mock
- @Test
- public void reset_mock(){
- List list = mock(List.class);
- when(list.size()).thenReturn(10);
- list.add(1);
- assertEquals(10,list.size());
-
- reset(list);
- assertEquals(0,list.size());
- }