16 通过静态工厂方法配置bean
这里我们新建一个包com.alibaba.beans.factory,然后把前面总结一里面的Car类复制过来修改了一下(下面给出代码),然后新建一个staticfactory的类去构造静态工厂方法。总结将在代码后面给出,读者可以参考总结、代码以及代码上的注释去学习通过静态方法配置bean。
package com.alibaba.beans.factory;
public class Car
{
private String brand;
private double price;
public String getBrand()
{
return brand;
}
public void setBrand(String brand)
{
this.brand = brand;
}
public double getPrice()
{
return price;
}
public void setPrice(double price)
{
this.price = price;
}
@Override
public String toString()
{
return "Car [brand=" + brand + ", price=" + price + "]";
}
public Car()
{
System.out.println("Car's Constructor ...");
}
public Car(String brand, double price)
{
this.brand = brand;
this.price = price;
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.factory;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class StaticFactory
{
/*
* 静态工厂方法:直接调用某一个类的静态方法就可可以返回bean的实例
*/
private static Map<String, Car> cars = new HashMap<>();
static
{
cars.put("audi", new Car("audi", 300000));
cars.put("ford", new Car("ford", 200000));
}
//静态工厂方法
public static Car getCar(String name)
{
return cars.get(name);
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="car" class="com.alibaba.beans.factory.StaticFactory"
factory-method="getCar">
<constructor-arg value="audi"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
</beans>
测试主类:
package com.alibaba.beans.factory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-factory.xml");
Car car = (Car) ctx.getBean("car");
System.out.println(car);
}
}
总结
:调用静态工厂方法创建 Bean是将对象创建的过程封装到静态方法中. 当客户端需要对象时, 只需要简单地调用静态方法, 而不需关心创建对象的细节.要声明通过静态方法创建的 Bean, 需要在 Bean 的 class 属性里指定拥有该工厂的方法的类, 同时在 factory-method 属性里指定工厂方法的名称. 最后, 使用 <constrctor-arg> 元素为该方法传递方法参数.
17 通过实例工厂方法配置bean
实例工厂方法配置bean和静态工厂方法配置bean有点相似,只需要新建一个实例工厂类,然后在配置文件中做修改即可.同样先给出代码,代码下面做一个总结.(Car类和上面的一样,学习时请复制过来即可)
package com.alibaba.beans.factory;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class InstanceFactory
{
private Map<String, Car> cars = new HashMap<>();
public InstanceFactory()
{
cars.put("audi", new Car("audi", 300000));
cars.put("ford", new Car("ford", 200000));
}
public Car getCar(String brand)
{
return cars.get(brand);
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.factory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-factory.xml");
Car car = (Car) ctx.getBean("car");
System.out.println(car);
System.out.println("----------------------我是测试分割线-----------------------------");
Car car1 = (Car) ctx.getBean("car1");
System.out.println(car1);
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="car" class="com.alibaba.beans.factory.StaticFactory"
factory-method="getCar">
<constructor-arg value="audi"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
<span style="color:#FF0000;"><!-- 配置工厂的实例 --></span>
<bean id="<span style="color:#33FF33;">carFactory</span>" class="com.alibaba.beans.factory.InstanceFactory"></bean>
<!-- 通过实例工厂方法来配置bean -->
<bean id="car1" factory-bean="<span style="color:#33FF33;">carFactory</span>" factory-method="getCar">
<constructor-arg value="ford"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
</beans>
总结:实例工厂方法: 将对象的创建过程封装到另外一个对象实例的方法里. 当客户端需要请求对象时, 只需要简单的调用该实例方法而不需要关心对象的创建细节.要声明通过实例工厂方法创建的 Bean:
- 在 bean 的factory-bean属性里指定拥有该工厂方法的Bean
- 在 factory-method 属性里指定该工厂方法的名称
- 使用 construtor-arg 元素为工厂方法传递方法参数
18 通过注解配置bean
组件扫描(component scanning): Spring 能够从 classpath 下自动扫描, 侦测和实例化具有特定注解的组件.特定组件包括:(1) @Component: 基本注解, 标识了一个受 Spring 管理的组件;(2) @Respository: 标识持久层组件;(3) @Service: 标识服务层(业务层)组件;(4) @Controller: 标识表现层组件。对于扫描到的组件, Spring 有默认的命名策略: 使用非限定类名, 第一个字母小写. 也可以在注解中通过 value 属性值标识组件的名称。这里同样为了学习通过注解配置bean,我们新建一个com.alibaba.beans.annoation的包,然后在其下面分别建立上面4层的子包。这里我只是去用这个4个注解去模拟一下实际开发中的流程,便于我们了解和认识注解配置bean。下面给出各个类代码以及配置文件代码:
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation.controller;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController
{
public void execute()
{
System.out.println("UserController...");
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation.service;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserService
{
public void add()
{
System.out.println("User Service's add ....");
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository;
public interface UserRepository
{
void save();
}
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository("userRepository")
public class UserRepositoryImpl implements UserRepository
{
@Override
public void save()
{
System.out.println("UserRespositoryImpl's save...");
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class TestObject
{
}
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.controller.UserController;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository.UserRepository;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository.UserRepositoryImpl;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.service.UserService;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-annoation.xml");
TestObject testObject = (TestObject) ctx.getBean("testObject");
System.out.println("testObject: " + testObject);
UserController uc = (UserController) ctx.getBean("userController");
System.out.println("userController: " + uc);
UserRepository ur = (UserRepository) ctx.getBean("userRepository");
System.out.println("userRespository: " + ur);
UserService us = (UserService) ctx.getBean("userService");
System.out.println("userService: " + us);
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
<!-- 指定IOC容器中扫描的包 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation"></context:component-scan>
</beans>
总结:组件扫描(component scanning): Spring 能够从 classpath 下自动扫描, 侦测和实例化具有特定注解的组件.特定组件包括:(1).@Component: 基本注解, 标识了一个受 Spring 管理的组件;(2).@Respository: 标识持久层组件;(3).@Service: 标识服务层(业务层)组件;(4).@Controller: 标识表现层组件。对于扫描到的组件, Spring 有默认的命名策略: 使用非限定类名, 第一个字母小写. 也可以在注解中通过 value 属性值标识组件的名称。当在组件类上使用了特定的注解之后, 还需要在 Spring 的配置文件中声明 <context:component-scan> :base-package 属性指定一个需要扫描的基类包,Spring 容器将会扫描这个基类包里及其子包中的所有类.当需要扫描多个包时, 可以使用逗号分隔.如果仅希望扫描特定的类而非基包下的所有类,可使用 resource-pattern属性过滤特定的类。同时还可以使用<context:include-filter>标签来表示要包含的目标类,使用<context:exclude-filter>标签表示排除目标类。给出利用resource-pattern属性的代码(修改了上面的代码,给出修改后的代码:)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
<!-- 指定IOC容器中扫描的包 -->
<!-- 可以通过resource-pattern属性扫描资源,此时需要把Main类中的被过滤掉的bean的代码注释掉 否则会抛出异常 因为你已经把那几个类给过滤掉了
你还要获取bean实例的话 肯定会找不到啊,所以就会抛出异常 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation"
resource-pattern="respository/*.class">
</context:component-scan>
</beans>
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.controller.UserController;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository.UserRepository;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository.UserRepositoryImpl;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.service.UserService;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-annoation.xml");
// TestObject testObject = (TestObject) ctx.getBean("testObject");
// System.out.println("testObject: " + testObject);
//
// UserController uc = (UserController) ctx.getBean("userController");
// System.out.println("userController: " + uc);
//
// UserService us = (UserService) ctx.getBean("userService");
// System.out.println("userService: " + us);
UserRepository ur = (UserRepository) ctx.getBean("userRepository");
System.out.println("userRespository: " + ur);
}
}
下面给出一个使用<context:exclude-filter>标签的例子的配置文件:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
<!-- 指定IOC容器中扫描的包 -->
<!-- 可以通过resource-pattern属性扫描资源,此时需要把Main类中的被过滤掉的bean的代码注释掉 否则会抛出异常 因为你已经把那几个类给过滤掉了
你还要获取bean实例的话 肯定会找不到啊,所以就会抛出异常 -->
<!-- <context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation" -->
<!-- resource-pattern="respository/*.class"> -->
<!-- </context:component-scan> -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation">
<context:exclude-filter type="annotation"
expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository" />
</context:component-scan>
</beans>
下面给出使用<context:include-filter>标签的例子,记得看一下xml配置文件的注释:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
<!-- 指定IOC容器中扫描的包 -->
<!-- 可以通过resource-pattern属性扫描资源,此时需要把Main类中的被过滤掉的bean的代码注释掉 否则会抛出异常 因为你已经把那几个类给过滤掉了
你还要获取bean实例的话 肯定会找不到啊,所以就会抛出异常 -->
<!-- <context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation" -->
<!-- resource-pattern="respository/*.class"> -->
<!-- </context:component-scan> -->
<!-- <context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation"> -->
<!-- <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" -->
<!-- expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository" /> -->
<!-- </context:component-scan> -->
<span style="color:#ff0000;"><!-- 如果想仅包含某一个目标类文件 需要与use-default-filter标签配合使用,否则在同一个子包下的其他类无法被排除 --></span>
<context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation"
use-default-filters="false">
<context:include-filter <span style="color:#ff0000;">type="annotation</span>"
expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository" />
</context:component-scan>
</beans>
19 组件装配
当bean之间有依赖关系时,我们同样可以通过注解去配置bean之间的依赖关系,接下来我们去配置上面Controller、Service、repository之间的依赖关系。在上面代码上做如下修改:
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.controller.UserController;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository.UserRepository;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository.UserRepositoryImpl;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.service.UserService;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-annoation.xml");
TestObject testObject = (TestObject) ctx.getBean("testObject");
System.out.println("testObject: " + testObject);
UserController uc = (UserController) ctx.getBean("userController");
System.out.println("userController: " + uc);
uc.execute();
// UserService us = (UserService) ctx.getBean("userService");
// System.out.println("userService: " + us);
//
// UserRepository ur = (UserRepository) ctx.getBean("userRepository");
// System.out.println("userRespository: " + ur);
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation.controller;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.service.UserService;
@Controller
public class UserController
{
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
public void execute()
{
System.out.println("UserController...");
userService.add();
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation.service;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository.UserRepositoryImpl;
@Service
public class UserService
{
@Autowired
private UserRepositoryImpl userRespository;
public void add()
{
System.out.println("User Service's add ....");
userRespository.save();
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
<!-- 指定IOC容器中扫描的包 -->
<!-- 可以通过resource-pattern属性扫描资源,此时需要把Main类中的被过滤掉的bean的代码注释掉 否则会抛出异常 因为你已经把那几个类给过滤掉了
你还要获取bean实例的话 肯定会找不到啊,所以就会抛出异常 -->
<!-- <context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation" -->
<!-- resource-pattern="respository/*.class"> -->
<!-- </context:component-scan> -->
<!-- <context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation"> -->
<!-- <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" -->
<!-- expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository" /> -->
<!-- </context:component-scan> -->
<!-- 如果想仅包含某一个目标类文件 需要与use-default-filter标签配合使用,否则在同一个子包下的其他类无法被排除 -->
<!-- <context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation" -->
<!-- use-default-filters="false"> -->
<!-- <context:include-filter type="annotation" -->
<!-- expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository" /> -->
<!-- </context:component-scan> -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.annoation"></context:component-scan>
</beans>
总结:<context:component-scan> 元素还会自动注册 AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor实例, 该实例可以自动装配具有 @Autowired 和 @Resource 、@Inject注解的属性.Autowired 注解自动装配具有兼容类型的单个Bean属性、构造器、普通字段(即使是非 public), 一切具有参数的方法都可以应用@Authwired 注解。默认情况下, 所有使用 @Authwired 注解的属性都需要被设置. 当 Spring 找不到匹配的 Bean 装配属性时, 会抛出异常, 若某一属性允许不被设置, 可以设置 @Authwired 注解的 required 属性为 false。
默认情况下, 当 IOC 容器里存在多个类型兼容的 Bean 时, 通过类型的自动装配将无法工作. 此时可以在 @Qualifier 注解里提供 Bean 的名称. Spring 允许对方法的入参标注 @Qualifier 指定注入 Bean 的名称。
接下来我们为了学习上面通过@Qualifier指定具体bean的知识点,在com.alibaba.beans.annoation.repository下面新建一个UserJdbcRepository类实现了Repository的接口。这样如果我们不指定具体的接口,Repository的实例就有两个。所以当我们没有指定时,IOC容器就不知道加载哪个bean,就会抛出异常。下面给出类代码:
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation.service;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository.UserRepository;
@Service
public class UserService
{
<span style="color:#FF0000;">// 这里我们装配的是一个UserRespository类型的实例变量,而实现这个接口的类有两个,此时如果不指定Spirng
// IOC不知道去装配哪个类的实例就会抛出异常,此时我们就需要指定;</span>
@Autowired
@Qualifier("userRepositoryImpl")
private UserRepository userRespository;
public void add()
{
System.out.println("User Service's add ....");
userRespository.save();
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.annoation.respository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository
public class UserJdbcRespository implements UserRepository
{
@Override
public void save()
{
System.out.println("UserJdbcRespository save...");
}
}
其他的类不变,直接把上面的其他类和配置文件复制过来就可以了。@Authwired 注解也可以应用在数组类型的属性上, 此时 Spring 将会把所有匹配的 Bean 进行自动装配。@Authwired 注解也可以应用在集合属性上, 此时 Spring 读取该集合的类型信息, 然后自动装配所有与之兼容的 Bean。@Authwired 注解用在 java.util.Map 上时, 若该 Map 的键值为 String, 那么 Spring 将自动装配与之 Map 值类型兼容的 Bea
n, 此时 Bean 的名称作为键值。
20 泛型依赖注入
Spring4.x的新特性:泛型依赖注入。当我们在实际开发时,我们的Service和Repository里面就是creat、retrieve、update、delete的操作,所以当Spring提供了泛型依赖注入时,我们的实际开发就会轻松很多。下面我们给出一个UML类图供大家去理解我们接下来要说的类之间的关系。package com.alibaba.beans.generic.di;
public class BaseRepository<T>
{
}
package com.alibaba.beans.generic.di;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
public class BaseService<T>
{
@Autowired
protected BaseRepository<T> repository;
public void add()
{
System.out.println("add...");
System.out.println(repository);
}
}
package com.alibaba.beans.generic.di;
public class User
{
}
package com.alibaba.beans.generic.di;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserService extends BaseService<User>
{
}
package com.alibaba.beans.generic.di;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository
public class UserRepository extends BaseRepository<User>
{
}
package com.alibaba.beans.generic.di;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-generic-di.xml");
UserService userService = (UserService) ctx.getBean("userService");
userService.add();
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd">
<context:component-scan base-package="com.alibaba.beans.generic.di"></context:component-scan>
<span style="font-family:SimSun;"></beans></span>
至此,Spring学习总结一结束,给出代码下载地址:spring学习总结一代码下载地址。