Programming in Objective-C 学习笔记07——Foundation框架基础01

PART II —— Foundation Framework

Chapter 14-15

Introduction

• a framework is a collection of classes, methods, functions and documentation logically grouped together to make developing programs easier.
• Foundation framework —— provides the base of foundation for all your program development：numbers, strings, arrays, dictionaries, and sets
• Application Kit framework —— an extensive collection of classes and methods to develop interactive graphical applications：texts, menus, toolbars, tables, …
• Cocoa (OS X)环境包括Foundation framework、the Application Kit framework 和 Core Data
• Cocoa Touch (iOS)环境包括Foundation、Core Data 和 UIKit framework
• 官方提供的Foundation Documentation

数字对象 — NSNumber

• Xcode 5 新特性——“modules” can help speed up compilation time as well as help to avoid name conflicts between different libraries
  
  • Modules相当于将框架进行了封装，然后加入在实际编译之时加入了一个用来存放已编译添加过的Modules列表1。
• All number objects must be newly created. You cannot change the value of a previously created NSNumber object. immutable
  
  • numberWithInt: → intValue → %i
  • numberWithInteger： → integerValue → %li

字符串对象 — NSString

• objects(NSString….) → %@
• description方法：使用%@格式化输出自己写的class的对象；默认显示class名和objects的内存地址，override就可以修改其显示内容 → good debugging tool
• NSString对象 → immutable
  
  • 但是指向对象的引用可以更改
• NSMutableString对象 → mutable
• stringWithString: → 复制字符串的内容，创建新的NSString对象 ； “=” →复制指向对象的引用，不创建新对象
• caseInsensitiveCompare: → 不区分大小写的比较
• NSRange
  
  • 一个C结构体的别名，包含location和length两个元素（类型NSUInteger）
  • 字符串中的location从0开始
  • 创建一个NSRange：NSMakeRange(location, length)

数组对象 — NSArray

• an ordered collection of objects

• immutable (NSArray) and mutable (NSMutableArray, subclass of NSArray)

  • [NSArray arrayWithObjects: elem1,…,nil];等价于 @[elem1, elem2, …]
  • array[index] 等价于[array objectAtIndex:index]
  • array[index] = object 等价于 [array setObject: object forIndex: index]

• for each element in the array, NSLog uses the description method from the class the element belongs to

• 利用复杂算法处理大量的数据数组，c语言的方法更好
• property的attributes (copy, nonatomic,…)
  
  • copy：make a copy of the instance variable in the setter method；default是not copy
  • nonatomic：don’t need to worry about race conditions that could occur from multiple threads trying to access the instance variable at the same time
  • strong：make an additional reference to the object whenever the setter method is used. Influence the life span of the object.
• 初始化（init，initWith……）方法的返回值类型使用instancetype，便于其subclass使用：编译器会根据receiver的类型确定方法的返回值类型
• fast enumeration ：for（variable in array）{……}
• enumerateObjectUsingBlock
• identical object → objects with the same location in memory
• NSComparator → typedef NSComparisonResult (^NSComparator)(id obj1, id obj2);
  
  • NSComparator is a block that takes two objects as its arguments and that returns a value of type NSComparisonResult.
  • 使用block可以提速（多线程）
  • don’t have to add a comparison method to the class whose objects are being compared
  • if you want to change the way they are compared, you can do it directly in the method (block), which means you don’t have to change original class.
• NSValue class ： 结构体 →wrap→ 对象；对象 →unwrap→ 结构体
  
  • CGPoint, CGSize, CGRect 等是结构体而非对象，不能直接放入array中

字典对象 — NSDictionary

• key must be unique, but can be of any type object; often is string
  value can also be of any type object, but not nil.
  
  • dict[key] 等价于[dict objectForKey: key]
  • dict[key] = object等价于 [dict setObject: object forKey: key]

Set Objects

• a collection of unique object
• NSSet, NSMutableSet, NSIndexSet, NSCountedSet, …
• 包含的一些操作：
  
  • searching, adding, and removing members (mutable sets); comparing two sets; and finding the intersection(交集) and union(并集) of two sets.
• NSIndexSet ：store ordered indexes into some other data structure, typically an array
  
  • 只有immutable，没有mutable的