*本篇文章已授权微信公众号 guolin_blog (郭霖)独家发布
1.介绍
Android 6.0之前,权限在应用安装过程中只询问一次,以列表的形式展现给用户,然而大多数用户并不会注意到这些,直接就下一步了,应用安装成功后就会被赋予清单文件中的所有权限,应用就可以在用户不知情的情况下进行非法操作(比如偷偷的上传用户数据)。
Android 6.0版本中运行时权限的出现解决了这一问题,一些高危权限会在应用的运行过程中动态申请,这样用户就可以选择是否允许,比如一个单机游戏要获取通讯录权限,那肯定要禁止了。
并不是所有的权限都需要动态申请,需要申请的权限如下表所示:
注意:同一组内的任何一个权限被授权了,其他权限也自动被授权。例如,一旦READ_CALENDAR被授权了,应用也有WRITE_CALENDAR权限了。
Permission Group | Permissions |
---|---|
CALENDAR | |
CAMERA | |
CONTACTS | |
LOCATION | |
MICROPHONE | |
PHONE | |
SENSORS | |
SMS | |
STORAGE |
2.运行时权限处理
通过一个Demo来了解运行时权限的处理,先上图
第一次申请权限,拒绝后再次申请,申请成功
多次拒绝后,点击不再提示
二话不说,上代码
<code class="hljs java has-numbering"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> com.yang.permissiondemo; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.Manifest; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.annotation.TargetApi; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.content.DialogInterface; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.content.pm.PackageManager; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.graphics.Color; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.os.Build; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.os.Bundle; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.support.v7.app.AlertDialog; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.widget.TextView; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.widget.Toast; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> butterknife.Bind; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> butterknife.ButterKnife; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> butterknife.OnClick; <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">RuntimePermissionsActivity</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">AppCompatActivity</span> {</span> <span class="hljs-annotation">@Bind</span>(R.id.tv_permission_status) TextView tvPermissionStatus; <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> CAMERA_REQUEST_CODE = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>; <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onCreate</span>(Bundle savedInstanceState) { <span class="hljs-keyword">super</span>.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_permission); ButterKnife.bind(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@OnClick</span>(R.id.btn_request_permission) <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onClick</span>() { requestPermission(); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@TargetApi</span>(Build.VERSION_CODES.M) <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">requestPermission</span>() { <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, Manifest.permission.CAMERA) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { <span class="hljs-comment">// 第一次请求权限时,用户如果拒绝,下一次请求shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale()返回true</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// 向用户解释为什么需要这个权限</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, Manifest.permission.CAMERA)) { <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> AlertDialog.Builder(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>) .setMessage(<span class="hljs-string">"申请相机权限"</span>) .setPositiveButton(<span class="hljs-string">"确定"</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onClick</span>(DialogInterface dialog, <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> which) { <span class="hljs-comment">//申请相机权限</span> ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(RuntimePermissionsActivity.<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA}, CAMERA_REQUEST_CODE); } }) .show(); } <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> { <span class="hljs-comment">//申请相机权限</span> ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA}, CAMERA_REQUEST_CODE); } } <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> { tvPermissionStatus.setTextColor(Color.GREEN); tvPermissionStatus.setText(<span class="hljs-string">"相机权限已申请"</span>); } } <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onRequestPermissionsResult</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> requestCode, String[] permissions, <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>[] grantResults) { <span class="hljs-keyword">super</span>.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults); <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (requestCode == CAMERA_REQUEST_CODE) { <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (grantResults[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { tvPermissionStatus.setTextColor(Color.GREEN); tvPermissionStatus.setText(<span class="hljs-string">"相机权限已申请"</span>); } <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> { <span class="hljs-comment">//用户勾选了不再询问</span> <span class="hljs-comment">//提示用户手动打开权限</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, Manifest.permission.CAMERA)) { Toast.makeText(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"相机权限已被禁止"</span>, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } } } } }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li><li>6</li><li>7</li><li>8</li><li>9</li><li>10</li><li>11</li><li>12</li><li>13</li><li>14</li><li>15</li><li>16</li><li>17</li><li>18</li><li>19</li><li>20</li><li>21</li><li>22</li><li>23</li><li>24</li><li>25</li><li>26</li><li>27</li><li>28</li><li>29</li><li>30</li><li>31</li><li>32</li><li>33</li><li>34</li><li>35</li><li>36</li><li>37</li><li>38</li><li>39</li><li>40</li><li>41</li><li>42</li><li>43</li><li>44</li><li>45</li><li>46</li><li>47</li><li>48</li><li>49</li><li>50</li><li>51</li><li>52</li><li>53</li><li>54</li><li>55</li><li>56</li><li>57</li><li>58</li><li>59</li><li>60</li><li>61</li><li>62</li><li>63</li><li>64</li><li>65</li><li>66</li><li>67</li><li>68</li><li>69</li><li>70</li><li>71</li><li>72</li><li>73</li><li>74</li><li>75</li><li>76</li><li>77</li><li>78</li><li>79</li><li>80</li><li>81</li><li>82</li><li>83</li><li>84</li><li>85</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li><li>6</li><li>7</li><li>8</li><li>9</li><li>10</li><li>11</li><li>12</li><li>13</li><li>14</li><li>15</li><li>16</li><li>17</li><li>18</li><li>19</li><li>20</li><li>21</li><li>22</li><li>23</li><li>24</li><li>25</li><li>26</li><li>27</li><li>28</li><li>29</li><li>30</li><li>31</li><li>32</li><li>33</li><li>34</li><li>35</li><li>36</li><li>37</li><li>38</li><li>39</li><li>40</li><li>41</li><li>42</li><li>43</li><li>44</li><li>45</li><li>46</li><li>47</li><li>48</li><li>49</li><li>50</li><li>51</li><li>52</li><li>53</li><li>54</li><li>55</li><li>56</li><li>57</li><li>58</li><li>59</li><li>60</li><li>61</li><li>62</li><li>63</li><li>64</li><li>65</li><li>66</li><li>67</li><li>68</li><li>69</li><li>70</li><li>71</li><li>72</li><li>73</li><li>74</li><li>75</li><li>76</li><li>77</li><li>78</li><li>79</li><li>80</li><li>81</li><li>82</li><li>83</li><li>84</li><li>85</li></ul>
首先来看requestPermission方法
1>首先判断当前应用有没有CAMERA权限,如果没有则进行申请。
<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering">if (ContextCompat<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.checkSelfPermission</span>(this, Manifest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.permission</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.CAMERA</span>) != PackageManager<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.PERMISSION</span>_GRANTED) </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li></ul>
2>如果没有CAMERA权限,进行如下判断,当第一次申请权限时 shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale返回false,第一次用户拒绝,再次申请的时候返回true,在此判断中提示用户为什么要申请这个权限。
<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering">if (ActivityCompat<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale</span>(this, Manifest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.permission</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.CAMERA</span>))</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li></ul>
3>如果用户点击了允许,则调用requestPermissions方法申请权限,注意里面接收的参数是一个String数组,也就是说可以同时申请多个权限,不过不建议这么做。
<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering"><span class="hljs-comment">//申请相机权限</span> ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">String</span>[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA}, CAMERA_REQUEST_CODE);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li></ul>
onRequestPermissionsResult回调方法
此方法是权限申请的回调方法,在此方法中处理权限申请成功或失败后的操作。
1>因为可以同时申请多个权限,所以回调的结果是以数组方式返回的,如果用户点击允许的话,此判断为true,可以在里面处理打开摄像头的操作。
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering"><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (grantResults[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li></ul>
2>当多次(两次或两次以上)请求操作时,会有不再提示的选择框,如果用户选择了不再提示,shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale为false,在此判断中提示用户权限已被禁止,需要在应用管理中自行打开。
<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering">if (!ActivityCompat<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale</span>(this, Manifest<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.permission</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.CAMERA</span>)) { Toast<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.makeText</span>(this, <span class="hljs-string">"相机权限已被禁止"</span>, Toast<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.LENGTH</span>_SHORT)<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.show</span>()<span class="hljs-comment">;</span> }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li></ul>
shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale()说明
shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale() 默认返回 false。
第一次请求权限时,如果用户拒绝了,再次请求时 shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale() 返回 true。
多次请求权限(超过一次),用户如果选择了不再提醒并拒绝,shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale() 返回 false。
设备的策略禁止当前应用获取这个权限的授权,shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale() 返回 false。
3.第三方库PermissionsDispatcher
PermissionsDispatcher通过注解的方式,动态生成类处理运行时权限。配合插件使用,可自动生成代码。
github地址:https://github.com/hotchemi/PermissionsDispatcher
使用方法如下:
1>将下面这段代码添加到project的build.gradle文件中。
<code class="hljs matlab has-numbering">buildscript <span class="hljs-cell">{ dependencies { classpath <span class="hljs-string">'com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8'</span> }</span> }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li></ul>
2>将下面的代码添加到app module的build.gradle文件中,${latest.version}填写最新的版本号,目前为2.1.3。
<code class="hljs nginx has-numbering"><span class="hljs-title">apply</span> plugin: <span class="hljs-string">'android-apt'</span> dependencies { <span class="hljs-title">compile</span> <span class="hljs-string">'com.github.hotchemi:permissionsdispatcher:<span class="hljs-variable">${latest.version}</span>'</span> apt <span class="hljs-string">'com.github.hotchemi:permissionsdispatcher-processor:<span class="hljs-variable">${latest.version}</span>'</span> }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li><li>6</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li><li>6</li></ul>
3>在Android Studio中选择File——Setting——Plugins,搜索PermissionsDispatcher,点击install安装,如下图所示:
4>准备工作已经完成了,下面来进行代码的生成,在Android Studio中选择Code——Generate——Generate Runtime Permissions,如下图所示:
@NeedsPermission
当申请的权限被用户允许后,调用此方法。@OnShowRationale
当第一次申请权限时,用户选择拒绝,再次申请时调用此方法,在此方法中提示用户为什么需要这个权限。@OnPermissionDenied
当申请的权限被用户拒绝后,调用此方法@OnNeverAskAgain
当用户点击不再询问后,调用此方法。
代码处理如下:
<code class="hljs java has-numbering"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> com.yang.permissiondemo; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.Manifest; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.annotation.TargetApi; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.content.DialogInterface; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.graphics.Color; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.os.Build; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.os.Bundle; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.support.v7.app.AlertDialog; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.widget.TextView; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> android.widget.Toast; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> butterknife.Bind; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> butterknife.ButterKnife; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> butterknife.OnClick; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> permissions.dispatcher.NeedsPermission; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> permissions.dispatcher.OnNeverAskAgain; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> permissions.dispatcher.OnPermissionDenied; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> permissions.dispatcher.OnShowRationale; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> permissions.dispatcher.PermissionRequest; <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> permissions.dispatcher.RuntimePermissions; <span class="hljs-annotation">@RuntimePermissions</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">PermissionsDispatcherActivity</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">AppCompatActivity</span> {</span> <span class="hljs-annotation">@Bind</span>(R.id.tv_permission_status) TextView tvPermissionStatus; <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onCreate</span>(Bundle savedInstanceState) { <span class="hljs-keyword">super</span>.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_permission); ButterKnife.bind(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@OnClick</span>(R.id.btn_request_permission) <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onClick</span>() { requestPermission(); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@TargetApi</span>(Build.VERSION_CODES.M) <span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">requestPermission</span>() { <span class="hljs-comment">//申请权限</span> PermissionsDispatcherActivityPermissionsDispatcher.openCameraWithCheck(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@NeedsPermission</span>(Manifest.permission.CAMERA) <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> openCamera() { tvPermissionStatus.setTextColor(Color.GREEN); tvPermissionStatus.setText(<span class="hljs-string">"相机权限已申请"</span>); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@OnShowRationale</span>(Manifest.permission.CAMERA) <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> showRationale(<span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> PermissionRequest request) { <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> AlertDialog.Builder(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>) .setMessage(<span class="hljs-string">"申请相机权限"</span>) .setPositiveButton(<span class="hljs-string">"确定"</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onClick</span>(DialogInterface dialog, <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> which) { <span class="hljs-comment">//再次执行请求</span> request.proceed(); } }) .show(); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@OnPermissionDenied</span>(Manifest.permission.CAMERA) <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> permissionDenied() { Toast.makeText(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"权限被拒绝"</span>, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@OnNeverAskAgain</span>(Manifest.permission.CAMERA) <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> neverAskAgain() { Toast.makeText(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"不再询问"</span>, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } <span class="hljs-annotation">@Override</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onRequestPermissionsResult</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> requestCode, String[] permissions, <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>[] grantResults) { <span class="hljs-keyword">super</span>.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults); PermissionsDispatcherActivityPermissionsDispatcher.onRequestPermissionsResult(<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>, requestCode, grantResults); } }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li><li>6</li><li>7</li><li>8</li><li>9</li><li>10</li><li>11</li><li>12</li><li>13</li><li>14</li><li>15</li><li>16</li><li>17</li><li>18</li><li>19</li><li>20</li><li>21</li><li>22</li><li>23</li><li>24</li><li>25</li><li>26</li><li>27</li><li>28</li><li>29</li><li>30</li><li>31</li><li>32</li><li>33</li><li>34</li><li>35</li><li>36</li><li>37</li><li>38</li><li>39</li><li>40</li><li>41</li><li>42</li><li>43</li><li>44</li><li>45</li><li>46</li><li>47</li><li>48</li><li>49</li><li>50</li><li>51</li><li>52</li><li>53</li><li>54</li><li>55</li><li>56</li><li>57</li><li>58</li><li>59</li><li>60</li><li>61</li><li>62</li><li>63</li><li>64</li><li>65</li><li>66</li><li>67</li><li>68</li><li>69</li><li>70</li><li>71</li><li>72</li><li>73</li><li>74</li><li>75</li><li>76</li><li>77</li><li>78</li><li>79</li><li>80</li><li>81</li><li>82</li><li>83</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style=""><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li><li>6</li><li>7</li><li>8</li><li>9</li><li>10</li><li>11</li><li>12</li><li>13</li><li>14</li><li>15</li><li>16</li><li>17</li><li>18</li><li>19</li><li>20</li><li>21</li><li>22</li><li>23</li><li>24</li><li>25</li><li>26</li><li>27</li><li>28</li><li>29</li><li>30</li><li>31</li><li>32</li><li>33</li><li>34</li><li>35</li><li>36</li><li>37</li><li>38</li><li>39</li><li>40</li><li>41</li><li>42</li><li>43</li><li>44</li><li>45</li><li>46</li><li>47</li><li>48</li><li>49</li><li>50</li><li>51</li><li>52</li><li>53</li><li>54</li><li>55</li><li>56</li><li>57</li><li>58</li><li>59</li><li>60</li><li>61</li><li>62</li><li>63</li><li>64</li><li>65</li><li>66</li><li>67</li><li>68</li><li>69</li><li>70</li><li>71</li><li>72</li><li>73</li><li>74</li><li>75</li><li>76</li><li>77</li><li>78</li><li>79</li><li>80</li><li>81</li><li>82</li><li>83</li></ul>
4.兼容性
为了保持兼容性建议使用v4包的兼容方法:
ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission()
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions()
ActivityCompat.OnRequestPermissionsResultCallback
ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale()
当targetSdkVersion小于23,但是设备是6.0系统时:
- 设备权限模型使用老的版本
- 清单文件中列出的权限只会在安装时询问
- 用户可以在设置列表中编辑相关权限,这对应用能否正常运行有很大影响
当targetSdkVersion大于等于23,但是设备系统小于6.0时:
- 设备权限模型使用老的版本
- 清单文件中列出的权限只会在安装时询问
Demo下载地址:http://download.csdn.net/detail/kong_gu_you_lan/9628379