八数码问题——HDU 1043

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The 15-puzzle has been around for over 100 years; even if you don't know it by that name, you've seen it. It is constructed with 15 sliding tiles, each with a number from 1 to 15 on it, and all packed into a 4 by 4 frame with one tile missing. Let's call the missing tile 'x'; the object of the puzzle is to arrange the tiles so that they are ordered as:

 1  2  3  4
 5  6  7  8
 9 10 11 12
13 14 15  x

where the only legal operation is to exchange 'x' with one of the tiles with which it shares an edge. As an example, the following sequence of moves solves a slightly scrambled puzzle:

 1  2  3  4     1  2  3  4     1  2  3  4     1  2  3  4
 5  6  7  8     5  6  7  8     5  6  7  8     5  6  7  8
 9  x 10 12     9 10  x 12     9 10 11 12     9 10 11 12
13 14 11 15    13 14 11 15    13 14  x 15    13 14 15  x
            r->            d->            r->

The letters in the previous row indicate which neighbor of the 'x' tile is swapped with the 'x' tile at each step; legal values are 'r','l','u' and 'd', for right, left, up, and down, respectively.

Not all puzzles can be solved; in 1870, a man named Sam Loyd was famous for distributing an unsolvable version of the puzzle, and
frustrating many people. In fact, all you have to do to make a regular puzzle into an unsolvable one is to swap two tiles (not counting the missing 'x' tile, of course).

In this problem, you will write a program for solving the less well-known 8-puzzle, composed of tiles on a three by three
arrangement.

 

Input

You will receive, several descriptions of configuration of the 8 puzzle. One description is just a list of the tiles in their initial positions, with the rows listed from top to bottom, and the tiles listed from left to right within a row, where the tiles are represented by numbers 1 to 8, plus 'x'. For example, this puzzle

1 2 3
x 4 6
7 5 8

is described by this list:

1 2 3 x 4 6 7 5 8

 

Output

You will print to standard output either the word ``unsolvable'', if the puzzle has no solution, or a string consisting entirely of the letters 'r', 'l', 'u' and 'd' that describes a series of moves that produce a solution. The string should include no spaces and start at the beginning of the line. Do not print a blank line between cases.

 

Sample Input

    
    

     
     2  3  4  1  5  x  7  6  8
    
    

 

Sample Output

    
    

     
     ullddrurdllurdruldr
    
    
    
    


    
    
    
    


    
    
    
    


    
    
    
    

     
     康拓展开判重，反向BFS
    
    
    
    


    
    
    
    


    
    
    
    

     
     
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<cmath>
#include<map>
#include<queue>
#include<stack>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cstring>
#include<string>
#include<iostream>
const int MAXN=500000+10;
const int MAXNHASH=500000+10;
using namespace std;
typedef int State[9];
State st[MAXN];
int goal[9];
int vis[370000];
int fact[9];
int fa[MAXN];
int dir[MAXN];
int codestart,codeend;
const int dx[]={-1,1,0,0};
const int dy[]={0,0,-1,1};
char cal[5]="durl";

void init_lookup_table()
{
	fact[0]=1;
	for(int i=1; i<9; i++){
		fact[i]=fact[i-1]*i;
	}
}

int Code(State &s)
{
	int code=0;
	for(int i=0; i<9; i++){
		int cnt=0;
		for(int j=i+1; j<9; j++){
			if(s[j]<s[i]) cnt++; 
		}
		code+=fact[8-i]*cnt;
	}
	return code;
}

void bfs()
{
	memset(fa,0,sizeof(fa));
	memset(vis,0,sizeof(vis));
	int front=1, rear=2;
	while(front<rear)
	{
		//cout<<front<<endl;
		State& s=st[front];
		//if(memcmp(goal, s, sizeof(s))==0) return front;
		int z;
		for(z=0; z<9; z++) if(!s[z]) break;
		int x=z/3, y=z%3;
		for(int i=0; i<4; i++){
			int newx=x+dx[i];
			int newy=y+dy[i];
			int newz=newx*3+newy;
			if(newx>=0 && newx<3 && newy>=0 && newy<3){
				State&t =st[rear];
				memcpy(t,s,sizeof(s));
				t[newz]=s[z];
				t[z]=s[newz];
				int code=Code(t);
				int code1=Code(s);
				if(!vis[code]){
					vis[code]=1;
					fa[code]=code1;
					dir[code]=i;
					rear++;
				}
			}
		}
		front++;
	}
}

void print(int num)
{
	if(num!=codeend){
		cout<<cal[dir[num]];
		print(fa[num]);
	}
}

int main()
{
	//freopen("in.txt","r",stdin);
	init_lookup_table();
	char ch;
	for(int i=0; i<8; i++) st[1][i]=i+1;
	st[1][8]=0;
	codeend=Code(st[1]);
	vis[codeend]=1;
	bfs();
	while(cin>>ch)
	{
		if(ch=='x') goal[0]=ch-120;
		else goal[0]=ch-'0';
		for(int i=1; i<9; i++){
			cin>>ch;
			if(ch=='x') goal[i]=ch-120;
			else goal[i]=ch-'0';
		}
		codestart=Code(goal);
		if(vis[codestart]){
			print(codestart);
			cout<<endl;
		}
		else cout<<"unsolvable"<<endl;
	}
	return 0;
}