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Data Center Handbook provides the fundamentals, technologies, and best practices in designing, constructing and managing mission critical, energy efficient data centers.

The Marangoni effect describes the behavior of liquid on the wafer surface resulting from a surface tension gradient at the gas/liquid interface. This effect results in liquid on the wafer surface being pulled back into the immersion bath as the wafer is removed from the tank. Because IPA has a much lower surface tension (22 dynes/cm) than water (73 dynes/cm), when IPA from the vapor dissolves into the water at the gas/liquid interface, a surface tension gradient is created.