用户代理检测通过检测用户代理字符串来确定实际使用的浏览器。
在每一次 HTTP 请求过程中,用户代理字符串是作为响应首部发送的,而且该字符串可以通过 JavaScript 的navigator.userAgent 属性访问。用户代理代理检测,主要通过navigator.userAgent 来获取用户代理字符串的,通过这组字符串,我们来获取当前浏览器的版本号、浏览器名称、系统名称。
PS:在服务器端,通过检测用户代理字符串确定用户使用的浏览器是一种比较广为接受的做法。但在客户端,这种测试被当作是一种万不得已的做法,且饱受争议,其优先级排在能力检测或怪癖检测之后。饱受争议的原因,是因为它具有一定的欺骗性。
document.write(navigator.userAgent); //得到用户代理字符串
通过上面的js代码,在不同的浏览器上测试可以得到当前浏览器的各种信息,部分浏览器反馈的信息如下。
- Firefox
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:57.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/57.0 - chrome
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36 - IE
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; InfoPath.2)
只要仔细的阅读这些字符串,我们可以发现,这些字符串包含了浏览器的名称、版本和所宿主的操作系统。
每个浏览器有它自己的呈现引擎:所谓呈现引擎,就是用来排版网页和解释浏览器的引擎。通过代理字符串发现,我们归纳出浏览器对应的引擎:
IE -- Trident(IE8 体现出来了,之前的未体现),
Firefox -- Gecko,
Opera -- Presto(旧版本根本无法体现呈现引擎),
Chrome -- WebKit (WebKit 是 KHTML 呈现引擎的一个分支,后独立开来),
Safari -- WebKit,
Konqueror -- KHTML
由上面的情况,我们需要检测呈现引擎可以分为五大类:IE、Gecko、WebKit、KHTML和 Opera。接下来就有了下面的一段检测代码。
var client = function(){
//rendering engines
var engine = {
ie: 0,
gecko: 0,
webkit: 0,
khtml: 0,
opera: 0,
//complete version
ver: null
};
//browsers
var browser = {
//browsers
ie: 0,
firefox: 0,
safari: 0,
konq: 0,
opera: 0,
chrome: 0,
//specific version
ver: null
};
//platform/device/OS
var system = {
win: false,
mac: false,
x11: false,
//mobile devices
iphone: false,
ipod: false,
ipad: false,
ios: false,
android: false,
nokiaN: false,
winMobile: false,
//game systems
wii: false,
ps: false
};
//detect rendering engines/browsers
var ua = navigator.userAgent;
if (window.opera){
engine.ver = browser.ver = window.opera.version();
engine.opera = browser.opera = parseFloat(engine.ver);
} else if (/AppleWebKit\/(\S+)/.test(ua)){
engine.ver = RegExp["$1"];
engine.webkit = parseFloat(engine.ver);
//figure out if it's Chrome or Safari
if (/Chrome\/(\S+)/.test(ua)){
browser.ver = RegExp["$1"];
browser.chrome = parseFloat(browser.ver);
} else if (/Version\/(\S+)/.test(ua)){
browser.ver = RegExp["$1"];
browser.safari = parseFloat(browser.ver);
} else {
//approximate version
var safariVersion = 1;
if (engine.webkit < 100){
safariVersion = 1;
} else if (engine.webkit < 312){
safariVersion = 1.2;
} else if (engine.webkit < 412){
safariVersion = 1.3;
} else {
safariVersion = 2;
}
browser.safari = browser.ver = safariVersion;
}
} else if (/KHTML\/(\S+)/.test(ua) || /Konqueror\/([^;]+)/.test(ua)){
engine.ver = browser.ver = RegExp["$1"];
engine.khtml = browser.konq = parseFloat(engine.ver);
} else if (/rv:([^\)]+)\) Gecko\/\d{8}/.test(ua)){
engine.ver = RegExp["$1"];
engine.gecko = parseFloat(engine.ver);
//determine if it's Firefox
if (/Firefox\/(\S+)/.test(ua)){
browser.ver = RegExp["$1"];
browser.firefox = parseFloat(browser.ver);
}
} else if (/MSIE ([^;]+)/.test(ua)){
engine.ver = browser.ver = RegExp["$1"];
engine.ie = browser.ie = parseFloat(engine.ver);
}
//detect browsers
browser.ie = engine.ie;
browser.opera = engine.opera;
//detect platform
var p = navigator.platform;
system.win = p.indexOf("Win") == 0;
system.mac = p.indexOf("Mac") == 0;
system.x11 = (p == "X11") || (p.indexOf("Linux") == 0);
//detect windows operating systems
if (system.win){
if (/Win(?:dows )?([^do]{2})\s?(\d+\.\d+)?/.test(ua)){
if (RegExp["$1"] == "NT"){
switch(RegExp["$2"]){
case "5.0":
system.win = "2000";
break;
case "5.1":
system.win = "XP";
break;
case "6.0":
system.win = "Vista";
break;
case "6.1":
system.win = "7";
break;
default:
system.win = "NT";
break;
}
} else if (RegExp["$1"] == "9x"){
system.win = "ME";
} else {
system.win = RegExp["$1"];
}
}
}
//mobile devices
system.iphone = ua.indexOf("iPhone") > -1;
system.ipod = ua.indexOf("iPod") > -1;
system.ipad = ua.indexOf("iPad") > -1;
system.nokiaN = ua.indexOf("NokiaN") > -1;
//windows mobile
if (system.win == "CE"){
system.winMobile = system.win;
} else if (system.win == "Ph"){
if(/Windows Phone OS (\d+.\d+)/.test(ua)){;
system.win = "Phone";
system.winMobile = parseFloat(RegExp["$1"]);
}
}
//determine iOS version
if (system.mac && ua.indexOf("Mobile") > -1){
if (/CPU (?:iPhone )?OS (\d+_\d+)/.test(ua)){
system.ios = parseFloat(RegExp.$1.replace("_", "."));
} else {
system.ios = 2; //can't really detect - so guess
}
}
//determine Android version
if (/Android (\d+\.\d+)/.test(ua)){
system.android = parseFloat(RegExp.$1);
}
//gaming systems
system.wii = ua.indexOf("Wii") > -1;
system.ps = /playstation/i.test(ua);
//return it
return {
engine:engine,
browser:browser,
system:system
};
}();