第六章-抽象——python基础教程（第二版）笔记

进入稍难的部分了

6.3创建函数

终于自己写函数了

#斐波那契数列
def fibs(num): #定义函数名和参数类型
    result=[0,1] #初始化斐波那契的两项
    for i in range(num-2):
        result.append(result[-2]+result[-1]) 
    return result  #返回结果是斐波那契最后一项
print fibs(10)   #结果[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

#6.3.1文档化函数
def square(x):
    "caculates the square of x"#函数说明
    return x*x
print square(10)#结果100
print help(square)#查看函数说明
'''
Help on function square in module __main__:

square(x)
    caculates the square of x

None
'''

#6.3.2并非真正函数的函数
def test():
    print "a"
    return 
    print "b"
x=test() 
print test()
print x
'''
没看懂
结果
a
a
None
None
'''

6.4参数魔法

#6.4.2变参
#字符串（数字和元组)是不可变的
def change(n):
    n[0]="c"
name=["a","b"]
change(name)
print name  #结果['c', 'b']
#这个参数有点复杂，举个例子
def story(**kwds):  #将**后面的参数转化为字典
    return "once upon a time,there was a \
%(b)s called %(a)s."%kwds    #连成一行
def power(x,y,*others): #将*后的所有参数转化为列表
    if others:
        print "receieved redundant parameters:",others
    return pow(x,y)
def interval(start,stop=None,step=1):
    "Imitates range() for step>0"
    if stop is None:    #如果没有为stop提供值
        start,stop=0,start #指定参数
    result=[]
    i=start     #计算start索引
    while i<stop:   #直到计算到stop的索引
        result.append(i)    #将索引添加到result内
        i+=step         #用step(>0)增加索引i
    return result

#开始测试函数
print story(a="A",b="B") #结果 once upon a time,there was a B called A.
x={"a":"c","b":"d"}
print story(**x)   #结果 once upon a time,there was a d called c.
del x["a"]    #修改参数
print story(a="e",**x)   #结果once upon a time,there was a d called e.

print power(2,3)   #结果 8
print power(x=2,y=3)  #结果 8
x=(5,)*2  #序列乘2
print power(*x)   #结果 3125
print power(2,3,"hello world")
'''
结果
receieved redundant parameters: ('hello world',)
8
'''

print interval(5)   #结果 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
print interval(1,5)   #结果[1, 2, 3, 4]
print interval(3,12,4)   #结果[3, 7, 11]
print power(*interval(3,7))
'''
结果
receieved redundant parameters: (5, 6)
81
'''

6.5作用域

6.6递归

#6.6.1阶乘和幂
#阶乘
    #1.循环方法
def factorial(n):
    result=n
    for i in range(1,n):
        result*=i
    return result
print factorial(4)  #结果 24
    #2.迭代方法
def factorial(n):
    if n==1:
        return 1
    else:
     return n*factorial(n-1)
print factorial(4)  #结果 24

#幂
    #1.循环方法
def power(x,y):
    result=1
    for i in range(y):
        result*=x
    return result
print power(2,3)  #结果 8
    #2.迭代方法
def power(x,y):
    if y==0:
        return 1
    else:
        return x*power(x,y-1)
print power(2,3)  #结果 8

#6.2.2二分查找法
def search(sequence,number,lower=0,upper=None):
    if upper is None:
        upper=len(sequence)-1
    if lower==upper:
        assert number==sequence[upper]
        return upper
    else:
        middle=(lower+upper)//2
        if number>sequence[middle]:
                return search(sequence,number,middle+1,upper)
        else:
                return search(sequence,number,lower,middle)

seq=[12,141,123,14,12,2,86,45,2,123]
seq.sort()
print seq  #结果[2, 2, 12, 12, 14, 45, 86, 123, 123, 141]
print search(seq,14)  #结果 4