0 同步机制遵循准则
- 空闲让进:临界区空闲时,允许请求进入临界区
- 忙则等待:有线程进入临界区时,其他线程必须等待
- 有限等待:等待不能无限制持续下去
- 让权等待:释放等待线程的 CPU 资源
1 单标志
问题:违背空闲让进(当有一个线程结束,另外一个即使没有结束也无法进入临界区)
public class SingleFlag {
public static volatile boolean flag;
public static volatile int num = 0;
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
while (flag) ;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + ++num);
flag = false;
}
}).start();
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
while (flag) ;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + ++num);
flag = true;
}
}).start();
}
}
2 双标志先检查
问题:违背忙则等待(恰好执行完 1 时线程切换,此时 2 判断也能通过,则会存在安全问题)
public class DoubleFlag {
public static volatile boolean[] flag={false, true};
public static volatile int num = 0;
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
while (flag[0]); // 1
flag[1] = true;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + ++num);
flag[1] = false;
}
}).start();
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
while (flag[1]); // 2
flag[0] = true;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + ++num);
flag[0] = false;
}
}).start();
}
}
3 双标志后检查
问题:违背有限等待原则(两个线程无限制谦让,导致活锁)
public class DoubleFlagAfterCheck {
public static volatile boolean[] flag = {false, true};
public static volatile int num = 0;
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
flag[1] = true;
while (flag[0]);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + ++num);
flag[1] = false;
}
}).start();
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
flag[0] = true;
while (flag[1]);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + ++num);
flag[0] = false;
}
}).start();
}
}
4 Peterson
完美解决并发安全性问题
问题:无法达到让权等待(CPU 一直在死循环判断,占用 CPU 资源)
public class Peterson {
public static volatile boolean[] flag = {false, false};
public static volatile int turn = 0;
public static volatile int num = 0;
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
flag[0] = true;
turn = 2;
while (flag[1] && turn == 2) ;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + ++num);
flag[0] = false;
}
}).start();
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
flag[1] = true;
turn = 1;
while (flag[0] && turn == 1) ;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + ++num);
flag[1] = false;
}
}).start();
}
}