C++ primer笔记（英文版，部分）

Chapter 3. Strings, Vectors, and Arrays

3.1. Namespace using Declarations

• using std::cout which is similar to the syntax in python from std import cout

3.2. Library string Type

3.2.1. Defining and Initializing strings

• String initializer：
• Distinguish copy initialization and direct initialization
  copy initialization: Form of initialization that uses an =. The newly created
  object is a copy of the given initializer. E.g. string s3 = "hiya";
  direct initialization: Form of initialization that does not include an =. E.g. string s4(10, 'c');

3.2.2. Operations on strings

• String operations
  
  Notice that == operator for string compares the content rather than the addresses of two operands.
• getline(is, s) read a line of string, including the whitespace, until seeing a newline.
  Notice that the newline that causes getline to return is discarded; the newline is not stored in the string.
• size_type is a machine-independent type acting like unsigned, and it is big enough to hold the size of any string. Use auto or decltype to simplify the typing.
  Note: do NOT compare a size_type value to any NEGATIVE value. Or it would yield true at any time.
• Comparing strings
  Two rules:

1. If two strings have different lengths and if every character in the shorter
   string is equal to the corresponding character of the longer string, then the
   shorter string is less than the longer one.
2. If any characters at corresponding positions in the two strings differ, then
   the result of the string comparison is the result of comparing the first
   character at which the strings differ.
   E.g.

• Note: When using + operator, at least one of the operands must be of string type.
  E.g. string s5 = "hello" + ", "; and string s7 = "hello" + ", " + s2 are illegal, while string s6 = s1 + ", " + "world"; is legal.
  This is because string literals are NOT standard library strings in order for compatibility with C.

3.2.3. Dealing with the Characters in a string

• cctype functions
  
• Range-based for

for (declaration : expression)
	statement

• Check if a string is empty before getting a character in it.
  The result of using an index outside this range is undefined.
  By implication, subscripting an empty string is undefined.

3.3. Library vector Type

• Some old compilers might use vector<vector<int> > rather than vector<vector<int>> (notice the whitespace).

3.3.1. Defining and Initializing vectors

• Ways to Initialize a vector
  
• Be care of the differences between list initializer and element count
  E.g.

vector<int> v1(10); // v1 has ten elements with value 0
vector<int> v2{10}; // v2 has one element with value 10
vector<int> v3(10, 1); // v3 has ten elements with value 1
vector<int> v4{10, 1}; // v4 has two elements with values 10 and 1
vector<string> v5{"hi"}; // list initialization: v5 has one element
vector<string> v6("hi"); // error: can't construct a vector from a string literal
vector<string> v7{10}; // v7 has ten default-initialized elements
vector<string> v8{10, "hi"}; // v8 has ten elements with value "hi"