[note] Basic Information

1.Keywords

Keywords

Keywords are special words that are reserved by Python and cannot be used by you to name things. They indicate commands to the Python interpreter. The following is a complete list of Python keywords:

and	del	from	not	while
as	elif	global	or	with
assert	else	if	pass	yield
break	except	import	nonlocal	class
lambda	in	raise	continue	finally
is	return	def	for
try	True	False	None

2. Operators

Operators

Operators are special tokens (sequence of characters) that have meaning to the Python Interpreter.  Using them implies some form of mathematical operation. The following is the complete list of Operators. 

(	)	[	]	{	}
,	:	.	`	=	;
'	''	#	\	@

3. Punctuators and Delimiters

Punctuators and Delimiters

Punctuators which are also known as delimiters, separate different elements in Python statements and expressions. Here is the complete list:

(	)	[	]	{	}
,	:	.	`	=	;
'	''	#	\	@

4.Python Arithmetic Operators

Operator	Meaning	Usage
+	Addition or unary plus	x + y
-	Subtraction or unary minus	x - y
*	Multiplication	x * y
/	Division (result is always a float)	x / y
%	Modulus	x % y (remainder of x/y)
//	Floor division - results into whole number (may be float)	x // y
**	Exponent	x**y (x to the power y)

5. Python Operators Precedence Table

Operator	Description
**	Exponentiation
~, +, -	Complement, unary plus and unary minus
*, /, %, //	Multiply, divide, modulo and whole (floor) division
+, -	Addition and subtraction
>>, <<	Right and left bitwise shift
&	Bitwise and
^ ,|	Bitwise exclusive or and bitwise or
<=, < ,> ,>=,	Relational operators
<> ,== ,!=	Equality operators
= ,%= ,/= ,//= ,-= ,+= ,*=, **=	Assignment operators
is , is not	Identity operators
in not in	Membership operators
not , or , and	Logical operators

6.Python Relational Operators

Operator	Meaning	Usage
>	Greater than	x > y
<	Less than	x < y
==	Equal to	x == y
!=	Not equal to	x != y
>=	Greater than or equal to	x >= y
<=	Less than or equal to	x <= y

7.Python Logical Operators

Operator	Meaning	Usage
and	True if both the operands are true	x and y
or	True if either of the operands is true	x or y
not	complements the operand	not x

8.Boolean Operators

The basic Boolean operators are: and, or, not . The following is the truth table for each of these operators. Note that A and B in the tables below are the names of the operands that represent a Boolean Expression. 

not A

The not operator flips the value of the Boolean operand. It converts True to False and False to True.

A	not A
True	False
False	True

A and B

The and operator requires both A and B to be True for the whole expression to be True. If only one of them isFalse then the entire expression is False.

A	B	A and B
True	True	True
True	False	False
False	True	False
False	False	False

A or B

The or operator only requires one of A or B to be True for the entire expression to be True. The whole expression is False only when neither A nor B is True. 

A	B	A or B
True	True	True
True	False	True
False	True	True
False	False	False

9.Python Membership Operators

Operator	Meaning	Usage
in	Check to see if value is in the sequence	5 in [2,5,3,7]
not in	Check to see if value is not in the sequence	5 not in [2,5,3,7]

10.Complete Precedence Table

The following table shows the complete precedence of Python Operators: Highest to Lowest

OPERATOR	DESCRIPTION
()	Parenthesis (grouping)
f(args...), x[i:i], x[i], x.attr	Function call, slicing, subscript, dot
**	Exponentiation
+, -, ~	Unary Positive, Unary Negative, bitwise NOT
*, /, %	Multiplication, Division, Remainder
+, -	Addition, Subtraction
<<, >>	Shifts
&	Bitwise AND
^	Bitwise XOR
|	Bitwise OR
<, <=, >, >=, !=, ==, is, is not, in, not in	Comparisons, identity, membership
not	Boolean NOT
and	Boolean AND
or	Boolean OR
lambda	Lambda Expression

11.Built-in Functions

The python interpreter has a number of functions built into it that are always available. 

abs()	dict()	help()	min()	setattr()
all()	dir()	hex()	next()	slice()
any()	divmod()	id()	object()	sorted()
ascii()	enumerate()	input()	oct()	staticmethod()
bin()	eval()	int()	open()	str()
bool()	exec()	isinstance()	ord()	sum()
bytearray()	filter()	issubclass()	pow()	super()
bytes()	float()	iter()	print()	tuple()
callable()	format()	len()	property()	type()
chr()	frozenset()	list()	range()	vars()
classmethod()	getattr()	locals()	repr()	zip()
compile()	globals()	map()	reversed()	__import__()
complex()	hasattr()	max()	round()
delattr()	hash()	memoryview()	set()

For more information on Built-in Functions, you may look at the Python Documentation. 

12.common list method

Table of common methods for lists

list.append(x)	Add an item to the end of the list. Equivalent to a[len(a):] = [x].
list.extend(L)	Extend the list by appending all the items in the given list. Equivalent to a[len(a):] = L.
list.insert(i, x)	Insert an item at a given position. The first argument is the index of the element to insert.
list.remove(x)	Remove the first item from the list whose value is x. It is an error if there is no such item.
list.copy()	Return a shallow copy of the list. Equivalent to a[:].
list.pop([i])	Remove the item at the given position and return it. If no index is specified, removes the last item.
list.clear()	Remove all items from the list. Equivalent to del a[:].
list.index(x)	Return the index in the list of the first item whose value is x. It is an error if there is no such item.
list.count(x)	Return the number of times x appears in the list.
list.reverse()	Reverse the elements of the list in place.
list.sort(key=None, reverse=False)	Sort the items of the list in place (the arguments can be used for sort customization).

13.Most commonly used UTF-8 Character Codes

Source: wiki

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

2

SP 0020 32

! 0021 33

" 0022 34

# 0023 35

$ 0024 36

% 0025 37

& 0026 38

' 0027 39

( 0028 40

) 0029 41

* 002A 42

+ 002B 43

, 002C 44

- 002D 45

. 002E 46

/ 002F 47

3

0 0030 48

1 0031 49

2 0032 50

3 0033 51

4 0034 52

5 0035 53

6 0036 54

7 0037 55

8 0038 56

9 0039 57

: 003A 58

; 003B 59

< 003C 60

= 003D 61

> 003E 62

? 003F 63

4

@ 0040 64

A 0041 65

B 0042 66

C 0043 67

D 0044 68

E 0045 69

F 0046 70

G 0047 71

H 0048 72

I 0049 73

J 004A 74

K 004B 75

L 004C 76

M 004D 77

N 004E 78

O 004F 79

5

P 0050 80

Q 0051 81

R 0052 82

S 0053 83

T 0054 84

U 0055 85

V 0056 86

W 0057 87

X 0058 88

Y 0059 89

Z 005A 90

[ 005B 91

\ 005C 92

] 005D 93

^ 005E 94

_ 005F 95

6

` 0060 96

a 0061 97

b 0062 98

c 0063 99

d 0064 100

e 0065 101

f 0066 102

g 0067 103

h 0068 104

i 0069 105

j 006A 106

k 006B 107

l 006C 108

m 006D 109

n 006E 110

o 006F 111

7

p 0070 112

q 0071 113

r 0072 114

s 0073 115

t 0074 116

u 0075 117

v 0076 118

w 0077 119

x 0078 120

y 0079 121

z 007A 122

{ 007B 123

| 007C 124

} 007D 125

~ 007E 126

DEL 007F 127

14.Table of ASCII Control Characters

Decimal	Hexadecimal	Binary	Character	Description
0	0	0	NUL	null
1	1	1	SOH	start of header
2	2	10	STX	start of text
3	3	11	ETX	end of text
4	4	100	EOT	end of transmission
5	5	101	ENQ	enquiry
6	6	110	ACK	acknowledge
7	7	111	BEL	bell
8	8	1000	BS	backspace
9	9	1001	HT	horizontal tab
10	0A	1010	LF	line feed
11	0B	1011	VT	vertical tab
12	0C	1100	FF	form feed
13	0D	1101	CR	enter / carriage return
14	0E	1110	SO	shift out
15	0F	1111	SI	shift in
16	10	10000	DLE	data link escape
17	11	10001	DC1	device control 1
18	12	10010	DC2	device control 2
19	13	10011	DC3	device control 3
20	14	10100	DC4	device control 4
21	15	10101	NAK	negative acknowledge
22	16	10110	SYN	synchronize
23	17	10111	ETB	end of trans. block
24	18	11000	CAN	cancel
25	19	11001	EM	end of medium
26	1A	11010	SUB	substitute
27	1B	11011	ESC	escape
28	1C	11100	FS	file separator
29	1D	11101	GS	group separator
30	1E	11110	RS	record separator
31	1F	11111	US	unit separator

15.Table of printable ASCII Characters

Decimal	Hexadecimal	Binary	Character	Description
32	20	100000	Space	space
33	21	100001	!	exclamation mark
34	22	100010	"	double quote
35	23	100011	#	number
36	24	100100	$	dollar
37	25	100101	%	percent
38	26	100110	&	ampersand
39	27	100111	'	single quote
40	28	101000	(	left parenthesis
41	29	101001	)	right parenthesis
42	2A	101010	*	asterisk
43	2B	101011	+	plus
44	2C	101100	,	comma
45	2D	101101	-	minus
46	2E	101110	.	period
47	2F	101111	/	slash
48	30	110000	0	zero
49	31	110001	1	one
50	32	110010	2	two
51	33	110011	3	three
52	34	110100	4	four
53	35	110101	5	five
54	36	110110	6	six
55	37	110111	7	seven
56	38	111000	8	eight
57	39	111001	9	nine
58	3A	111010	:	colon
59	3B	111011	;	semicolon
60	3C	111100	<	less than
61	3D	111101	=	equality sign
62	3E	111110	>	greater than
63	3F	111111	?	question mark
64	40	1000000	@	at sign
65	41	1000001	A
66	42	1000010	B
67	43	1000011	C
68	44	1000100	D
69	45	1000101	E
70	46	1000110	F
71	47	1000111	G
72	48	1001000	H
73	49	1001001	I
74	4A	1001010	J
75	4B	1001011	K
76	4C	1001100	L
77	4D	1001101	M
78	4E	1001110	N
79	4F	1001111	O
80	50	1010000	P
81	51	1010001	Q
82	52	1010010	R
83	53	1010011	S
84	54	1010100	T
85	55	1010101	U
86	56	1010110	V
87	57	1010111	W
88	58	1011000	X
89	59	1011001	Y
90	5A	1011010	Z
91	5B	1011011	[	left square bracket
92	5C	1011100	\	backslash
93	5D	1011101	]	right square bracket
94	5E	1011110	^	caret / circumflex
95	5F	1011111	_	underscore
96	60	1100000	`	grave / accent
97	61	1100001	a
98	62	1100010	b
99	63	1100011	c
100	64	1100100	d
101	65	1100101	e
102	66	1100110	f
103	67	1100111	g
104	68	1101000	h
105	69	1101001	i
106	6A	1101010	j
107	6B	1101011	k
108	6C	1101100	l
109	6D	1101101	m
110	6E	1101110	n
111	6F	1101111	o
112	70	1110000	p
113	71	1110001	q
114	72	1110010	r
115	73	1110011	s
116	74	1110100	t
117	75	1110101	u
118	76	1110110	v
119	77	1110111	w
120	78	1111000	x
121	79	1111001	y
122	7A	1111010	z
123	7B	1111011	{	left curly bracket
124	7C	1111100	|	vertical bar
125	7D	1111101	}	right curly bracket
126	7E	1111110	~	tilde
127	7F	1111111	DEL	delete

16.string methods

Method	Description
s.capitalize()	The first character of s is put in uppercase
s.center([width])	Centers s in a field of length width
s.count(sub [,start [, end]])	Counts occurrences of sub between start and end
s.encode([encoding [, errors]])	Encode s using encoding as code and error
s.expandtabs([tabsize])	Expands tabs
s.find(sub [, start [, end]])	Finds the first occurrence of sub between start and end
s.index(sub [,start [, end]])	same as find but raises an exception if no occurrence is found
s.islower()	Returns True if all chracters are lowercase, False otherwise
s.isupper()	Returns True if all chracters are uppercase, False otherwise
s.join(words)	Joins the list of words with s as delimiter
s.ljust(width)	Left align s in a string of length width
s.lower()	Returns a lowercase version of s
s.lstrip()	Removes all leading whitespace characters of s
s.replace(old, new [, maxrep])	Replace maximal maxrep versions of substring old with substring new
s.rfind(sub [, start [, end]])	Finds the last occurrence of substring sub between start and end
s.rindex(sub [,start [, end]])	Same as rfind but raise an exception if sub does not exists
s.rjust(width)	Right-align s in a string of length width
s.rstrip()	Removes trailing whitespace characters
s.split([sep [, maxsplit]]))	Split s into maximal maxsplit words using sep as separator (default whitespace)
s.splitlines([keepends])	Split s into lines, if keepends is 1 keep the trailing newline
s.strip()	Removes trailing and leading whitespace characters
s.swapcase()	Returns a copy of s with lowercase letters turn into uppercase and vice versa
s.title()	Returns a title-case version of s (all words capitalized)
s.upper()	Returns an uppercase version of s

17.common methods for Dictionaries

Table of common methods for Dictionaries

Method Name	Description
dict.clear()	Removes all elements of dictionary.
dict.copy()	Returns a shallow copy of dictionary.
dict.fromkeys(seq[,value])	Create a new dictionary with keys from seq and values set to value.
dict.get(key, default=None)	For key key, returns value or default if key not in dictionary
dict.items()	Returns a view object of dict items.
dict.keys()	Returns a view object of dict keys.
dict.pop(key)	Remove key, Return value
dict.setdefault(key, default=None)	Similar to get(), but will set dict[key]=default if key is not already in dict
dict.update(dict2)	Adds dictionary dict2's key-values pairs to dict
dict.values()	Returns a view object of dict_values.

18.File access Modes

File access Modes

Mode	Description
r	Opens a file for reading only. This is the default mode.
rb	Opens a file for reading only in binary format
r+	Opens a file for both reading and writing.
rb+	Opens a file for both reading and writing in binary format.
w	Opens a file for writing only. Overwrites the file if the file exists. Create a new file if it does not exist.
wb	Opens a file for writing only in binary format.
w+	Opens a file for both writing and reading. Overwrites the file if the file exists. Create a new file if it does not exist.
wb+	Opens a file for both writing and reading in binary format.
a	Opens a file for appending. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists.
ab	Opens a file for appending in binary format.
a+	Opens a file for both appending and reading.
ab+	Opens a file for both appending and reading in binary format.

19. Common File Methods

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Common File Functions and Methods

Methods and Functions	Description
open()	returns a file object, and is most commonly used with two arguments: open(filename, mode).
file.close()	Close the file
file.read([size])	Read entire file. If size is specified then read at most size bytes.
file.readline([size])	Read one line from file. If size is specified then read at most size bytes.
file.readlines([size])	Read all the lines from the file and return a list of lines. If size is specified then read at most size bytes.
file.write()	Writes the contents of string to the file, returning the number of characters written.
file.tell()	Returns an integer giving the file object’s current position in the file
file.seek()	Changes the file object’s position

20.String Formatting

String Formatting

Symbol	Description
b	Format an integer in binary.
c	Given a number, display the character that has that code.
d	Display a number in decimal (base 10).
e	Display a float value using the exponential format.
E	Same as e, but use a capital “E” in the exponent.
f	Format a number in fixed-point form.
g	General numeric format: use either f or g, whichever is appropriate.
G	Same as “g”, but uses a capital “E” in the exponential form.
n	For formatting numbers, this format uses the current local setting to insert separator characters.
o	Display an integer in octal format.
x	Display an integer in hexadecimal (base 16). Digits greater than 9 are displayed as lowercase characters.
X	Display an integer in hexadecimal (base 16). Digits greater than 9 are displayed as uppercase characters.
%	Display a number as a percentage: its value is multiplied by 100, followed by a “%” character.

21.String Formatting Example

String Formatting Example Table

Number	Format	Output	Description
3.1415926	{:.2f}	3.14	2 decimal places
3.1415926	{:+.2f}	3.14	2 decimal places with sign
-1	{:+.2f}	-1	2 decimal places with sign
2.71828	{:.0f}	3	No decimal places
5	{:0>2d}	5	Pad number with zeros (left padding, width 2)
5	{:x<4d}	5xxx	Pad number with x's (right padding, width 4)
10	{:x<4d}	10xx	Pad number with x's (right padding, width 4)
1000000	{:,}	1,000,000	Number format with comma separator
0.25	{:.2%}	25.00%	Format percentage
1E+09	{:.2e}	1.00E+09	Exponent notation
13	{:10d}	13	Right aligned (default, width 10)
13	{:<10d}	13	Left aligned (width 10)
13	{:^10d}	13	Center aligned (width 10)

22. Standard Exceptions

EXCEPTION NAME	DESCRIPTION
ArithmeticError	Base class for all errors that occur for numeric calculation.
AssertionError	Raised in case of failure of the Assert statement.
AttributeError	Raised in case of failure of attribute reference or assignment.
EnvironmentError	Base class for all exceptions that occur outside the Python environment.
EOFError	Raised when there is no input from either the raw_input() or input() function and the end of file is reached.
Exception	Base class for all exceptions
FloatingPointError	Raised when a floating point calculation fails.
ImportError	Raised when an import statement fails.
IndentationError	Raised when indentation is not specified properly.
IndexError	Raised when an index is not found in a sequence.
IOError	Raised when an input/ output operation fails, such as the print statement or the open() function when trying to open a file that does not exist.
IOError	Raised for operating system-related errors.
KeyboardInterrupt	Raised when the user interrupts program execution, usually by pressing Ctrl+c.
KeyError	Raised when the specified key is not found in the dictionary.
LookupError	Base class for all lookup errors.
NameError	Raised when an identifier is not found in the local or global namespace.
NotImplementedError	Raised when an abstract method that needs to be implemented in an inherited class is not actually implemented.
OverflowError	Raised when a calculation exceeds maximum limit for a numeric type.
Raised when Python interpreter is quit by using the sys.exit() function. If not handled in the code, causes the interpreter to exit.	Raised when an operation or function is attempted that is invalid for the specified data type.
RuntimeError	Raised when a generated error does not fall into any category.
StandardError	Base class for all built-in exceptions except StopIteration and SystemExit.
StopIteration	Raised when the next() method of an iterator does not point to any object.
SyntaxError	Raised when there is an error in Python syntax.
SystemError	Raised when the interpreter finds an internal problem, but when this error is encountered the Python interpreter does not exit.
SystemExit	Raised by the sys.exit() function.
SystemExit	Raised when Python interpreter is quit by using the sys.exit() function. If not handled in the code, causes the interpreter to exit.
UnboundLocalError	Raised when trying to access a local variable in a function or method but no value has been assigned to it.
ValueError	Raised when the built-in function for a data type has the valid type of arguments, but the arguments have invalid values specified.
ZeroDivisonError	Raised when division or modulo by zero takes place for all numeric types.