python笔记

_(下划线保存数字运算最后一次结果的值)

round(1.222,2)结果为1.22

'dones\'t'自动转为"dones't"

r'c:\user\name'原样输出，不转义

\可以连接上下行

list的enumerate()、dict的items()

def enumerate(sequence, start=0):
    n = start
    for elem in sequence:
        yield n, elem
        n += 1

list(range(5))  [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

while True:
...     pass  # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C)
...

>>> fib
<function fib at 10042ed0>
>>> f = fib
>>> f(100)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89

raise ValueError('invalid user response')  抛出错误

i = 5

def f(arg=i):
    print(arg)

i = 6
f()    结果输出5，函数的默认值将在函数定义时确定

def f(*arg):
    for i in arg:
        print(i)   用于接收多个参数f(1,2,3)

def f(**args):
    for i in args:
        print(i, args[i])    用于接收字典，含关键字参数多个值f(a='123',b='345',c='999')

def concat(*args, sep='\n'):
    return sep.join(args)    join连接字符串以sep分割i=['www','baidu','com'];j=iter(i);'.'.join(j)输出www.baidu.com

a=[1,3];range(*a)  输出range(1,3)  *用于解压list、tuple
**   用于解压字典 d{'a':1,'b':2} f(**d)等价于f(a=1,b=2)
mysum = lambda *arg:sum(arg)
def f(ham: str, eggs: str = 'eggs') -> str:   函数注释f.__annotations__  文档注释f.__doc__

a[len(a):]=[x]     a[len(a):] = LIST

vec = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
>>> [num for elem in vec for num in elem]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]                   列表解析

import importlib; importlib.reload(modulename)   重新导入modulename

import sys; sys.argv   用于接受外部参数sys.argv[0]为文件名

import sys
>>> sys.path.append('/ufs/guido/lib/python')      添加默认路径

repr()转换成人易阅读的字符串str()转换成机器易阅读的字符串

try:
...     this_fails()
... except ZeroDivisionError as err:
...     print('Handling run-time error:', err)
...
Handling run-time error: int division or modulo by zero   别名输出具体错误信息

class Dog:

    tricks = []             # mistaken use of a class variable

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def add_trick(self, trick):
        self.tricks.append(trick)

>>> d = Dog('Fido')
>>> e = Dog('Buddy')
>>> d.add_trick('roll over')
>>> e.add_trick('play dead')
>>> d.tricks                # unexpectedly shared by all dogs
['roll over', 'play dead']        类变量分享给所有实例化的类，类似于浅拷贝（可变的值才会共享）

class Dog:

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.tricks = []    # creates a new empty list for each dog

    def add_trick(self, trick):
        self.tricks.append(trick)

>>> d = Dog('Fido')
>>> e = Dog('Buddy')
>>> d.add_trick('roll over')
>>> e.add_trick('play dead')
>>> d.tricks
['roll over']
>>> e.tricks
['play dead']                   self.变量只有自己拥有