MATLAB 语言基础知识 数据类型 数值类型 单精度运算

本文说明如何对单精度数据执行算术运算和线性代数运算。此外，还说明了如何根据输入相应地按单精度或双精度计算结果。

创建双精度数据

首先创建一些数据，默认情况下为双精度。

Ad = [1 2 0; 2 5 -1; 4 10 -1]
Ad = 3×3

 1     2     0
 2     5    -1
 4    10    -1

转换为单精度

可以使用 single 函数将数据转换为单精度。

A = single(Ad); % or A = cast(Ad,'single');

创建单精度零和一

此外，也可以分别使用函数创建单精度零和一。

n = 1000;
Z = zeros(n,1,'single');
O = ones(n,1,'single');

看一下工作区中的变量。

whos A Ad O Z n

Name         Size            Bytes  Class     Attributes

  A            3x3                36  single              
  Ad           3x3                72  double              
  O         1000x1              4000  single              
  Z         1000x1              4000  single              
  n            1x1                 8  double              

可以看到，部分变量的类型为 single，变量 A（Ad 的单精度版本）需要一半的内存字节数用于存储，因为单精度仅需要四字节（32 位），而双精度需要 8 字节（64 位）。

算术运算和线性代数运算

可以对单精度数据执行标准算术运算和线性代数运算。

B = A'    % Matrix Transpose
B = 3x3 single matrix

 1     2     4
 2     5    10
 0    -1    -1

whos B

  Name      Size            Bytes  Class     Attributes

  B         3x3                36  single              

可以看出，此操作的结果 B 为单精度。

C = A * B % Matrix multiplication
C = 3x3 single matrix

 5    12    24
12    30    59
24    59   117

C = A .* B % Elementwise arithmetic
C = 3x3 single matrix

 1     4     0
 4    25   -10
 0   -10     1

X = inv(A) % Matrix inverse
X = 3x3 single matrix

 5     2    -2
-2    -1     1
 0    -2     1

I = inv(A) * A % Confirm result is identity matrix
I = 3x3 single matrix

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

I = A \ A  % Better way to do matrix division than inv
I = 3x3 single matrix

 1     0     0
 0     1     0
 0     0     1

E = eig(A) % Eigenvalues
E = 3x1 single column vector

3.7321
0.2679
1.0000

F = fft(A(:,1)) % FFT
F = 3x1 single column vector

   7.0000 + 0.0000i
  -2.0000 + 1.7321i
  -2.0000 - 1.7321i

S = svd(A) % Singular value decomposition
S = 3x1 single column vector

   12.3171
    0.5149
    0.1577

P = round(poly(A)) % The characteristic polynomial of a matrix
P = 1x4 single row vector

 1    -5     5    -1

R = roots(P) % Roots of a polynomial
R = 3x1 single column vector

3.7321
1.0000
0.2679

Q = conv(P,P) % Convolve two vectors
Q = 1x7 single row vector

 1   -10    35   -52    35   -10     1

R = conv(P,Q)
R = 1x10 single row vector

 1   -15    90  -278   480  -480   278   -90    15    -1

stem(R); % Plot the result

用于处理单精度或双精度的一个程序

现在来看一个函数，该函数用于计算为使比率小于 single 或 double 数据类型的正确机器精度 (eps)，斐波那契数列需要的足够项数。

% How many terms needed to get single precision results?
fibodemo('single')
ans = 19

% How many terms needed to get double precision results?
fibodemo('double')
ans = 41

% Now let's look at the working code.
type fibodemo
function nterms = fibodemo(dtype)
%FIBODEMO Used by SINGLEMATH demo.
% Calculate number of terms in Fibonacci sequence.

% Copyright 1984-2014 The MathWorks, Inc.

fcurrent = ones(dtype);
fnext = fcurrent;
goldenMean = (ones(dtype)+sqrt(5))/2;
tol = eps(goldenMean);
nterms = 2;
while abs(fnext/fcurrent - goldenMean) >= tol
   nterms = nterms + 1;
   temp  = fnext;
   fnext = fnext + fcurrent;
   fcurrent = temp;
end

请注意，我们初始化了几个变量，即 fcurrent、fnext 和 goldenMean，初始化所用的值取决于输入数据类型，容差 tol 也取决于该类型。与等效的双精度计算相比，单精度要求计算的项较少。