JDBC

JDBC 编程步骤

1. 加载驱动程序：

Class.forName(driverClass)
//加载MySql驱动
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")
//加载Oracle驱动
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver")

2. 获得数据库连接：

DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/imooc", "root", "root");

3. 创建Statement\PreparedStatement对象：

conn.createStatement();
conn.prepareStatement(sql);

对于第一个步骤，大家可能会有疑问，加载驱动好像在后面的代码中没有引用，这一步骤是不是没起到作用呢？

其实不是的，Class.forName(driverClass)这一步骤主要是 强制JVM将com.mysql.jdbc.Driver这个类加载入内存，并将其注册到DriverManager类，然后根据DriverManager.getConnection（url，user,pwd）中的url找到相应的驱动类，最后调用该该驱动类的connect(url, info)来获得connection对象。

以mysql驱动为例，来分析一下驱动程序的源代码

public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {
    public Driver() throws SQLException {
    }

    static {
        try {
            DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
        } catch (SQLException var1) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
        }
    }
}

mysql的Driver驱动继承了NonRegisteringDriver，而Driver本身只有一个静态代码块，代码块中的内容是new一个Driver对象，注册到DriverManager中。而在一个类加载入内存的时候，类中的静态代码块会得到执行，所以通过Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")之后，内存中就会有一个Driver对象，并且该对象注册到了DriverManager中。

DriverManager.registerDriver源码：

public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver,
            DriverAction da)
        throws SQLException {

        /* Register the driver if it has not already been added to our list */
        if(driver != null) {
            registeredDrivers.addIfAbsent(new DriverInfo(driver, da));
        } else {
            // This is for compatibility with the original DriverManager
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        println("registerDriver: " + driver);

    }

DriverManager把Driver对象封装成了DriverInfo放在了registeredDrivers，而registeredDrivers就是一个list

通过图示可以更容易看出来之间的关系。

在JDBC驱动管理中，sun主要定义了1个接口Driver和两个类：DirverManager和DriverInfo。每个JDBC驱动程序必须实现 Driver接口，

而DriverManager 则负责管理所有的Driver对象，包含注册Driver；选择合适的Driver来建立到某个数据库的连接；以及进行一些Driver的信息管理等。 DriverInfo非常简单，用于保存Driver的信息。

通过第一个步骤已经创建了mysql驱动对象，并将其注册到了DirverManager中，接下来我们看下第二步是如何获取连接的。

private static Connection getConnection(
        String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {
        ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
        synchronized(DriverManager.class) {
            // synchronize loading of the correct classloader.
            if (callerCL == null) {
                callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
            }
        }

        if(url == null) {
            throw new SQLException("The url cannot be null", "08001");
        }

        println("DriverManager.getConnection(\"" + url + "\")");

        // Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to make a connection.
        // Remember the first exception that gets raised so we can reraise it.
        SQLException reason = null;

        for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
            // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
            // skip it.
            if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {
                try {
                    println("    trying " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
                    Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);
                    if (con != null) {
                        // Success!
                        println("getConnection returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
                        return (con);
                    }
                } catch (SQLException ex) {
                    if (reason == null) {
                        reason = ex;
                    }
                }

            } else {
                println("    skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
            }

        }

        // if we got here nobody could connect.
        if (reason != null)    {
            println("getConnection failed: " + reason);
            throw reason;
        }

        println("getConnection: no suitable driver found for "+ url);
        throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");
    }

可以和清晰的看到，该方法就是遍历了registeredDrivers，并调用注册的Driver的connect方法。

 

参考的文献：

https://www.cnblogs.com/liuxianan/archive/2012/08/04/2623258.html