Effective Java,Item2——Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters

构造函数和静态方法都有一个限制：不适合当有大量的参数时，去生成实例。

通常来说，你会采用 Telescoping constructor pattern 

public class NutritionFacts {
    private final int servingSize;// (mL) required
    private final int servings;// (per container) required
    private final int calories;
    private final int fat;      //(g) optional
    private final int sodium;   //(mg) optional
    private final int carbohydrate; //(g) optional

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings) {
        this(servingSize, servings, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat, int sodium) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, sodium, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat, int sodium, int carbohydrate) {
        this.servingSize = servingSize;
        this.servings =servings;
        this.calories=calories;
        this.fat=fat;
        this.sodium  =sodium;
        this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
    }
}

Client 端调用为：

NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts(240, 8, 100, 0, 35, 27);

当有很多参数时，telescoping constructor pattern调用方很难写code,而且可读性不强。

那你也可能说可以采用JavaBeans pattern 的方式：

public class NutritionFacts {
    private  int servingSize;
    private  int servings;
    private  int calories;
    private  int fat;
    private  int sodium;
    private  int carbohydrate;

    public NutritionFacts() {
    }

    public void setServingSize(int servingSize) {
        this.servingSize = servingSize;
    }

    public void setServings(int servings) {
        this.servings = servings;
    }

    public void setCalories(int calories) {
        this.calories = calories;
    }

    public void setFat(int fat) {
        this.fat = fat;
    }

    public void setSodium(int sodium) {
        this.sodium = sodium;
    }

    public void setCarbohydrate(int carbohydrate) {
        this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
    }
}

JavaBeans Client 调用方式：

NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts();
        cocaCola.setServingSize(240);
        cocaCola.setServings(8);
        cocaCola.setCalories(100);
        cocaCola.setSodium(35);
        cocaCola.setCarbohydrate(27);

JavaBeans Disadvantages:

1、it is a bit wordy. 通过此方法也许会有不连续的状态出现。而且也不知道哪个属性是必填的
2、也许会出现不安全的状态。

看下Builder Pattern 

public class NutritionFacts {
    private final int servingSize;
    private final int servings;
    private final int calories;
    private final int fat;
    private final int sodium;
    private final int carbohydrate;

    private NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {
        servingSize = builder.servingSize;
        servings = builder.servings;
        calories = builder.calories;
        fat = builder.fat;
        sodium = builder.sodium;
        carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
    }
    public static class Builder {
        // Required parameters
        private final int servingSize;
        private final int servings;
        // Optional parameters - initialized to default values
        private int calories = 0;
        private int fat = 0;
        private int carbohydrate = 0;
        private int sodium = 0;

        public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
            this.servingSize = servingSize;
            this.servings = servings;
        }

        public Builder calories(int val) {
            calories = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder fat(int val) {
            fat = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder carbohydrate(int val) {
            carbohydrate = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder sodium(int val) {
            sodium = val;
            return this;
        }

        public NutritionFacts build() {
            return new NutritionFacts(this);
        }
    }
}

Builder Pattern Client:

NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts.Builder(240, 8).
            calories(100).sodium(35).carbohydrate(27).build();

很清晰很明白的显示出必填属性，而且代码可读性强，此方式适合多参数的情况，而且比JavaBeans 安全