初体验scrapy-爬取豆瓣250电影数据

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前言

Scrapy 是一套基于基于Twisted的异步处理框架，纯python实现的爬虫框架，用户只需要定制开发几个模块就可以轻松的实现一个爬虫，用来抓取网页内容以及各种图片，非常之方便

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一、scrapy如何安装

pip install scrapy

https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/install.html

二、scrapy项目实战

1.创建scrapy项目

scrapy startproject  firstScrapy

cd firstScrapy
scrapy genspider DoupanSipder  movie.douban.com

2.明确目标

爬取豆瓣电影数据

3.制作爬虫

import scrapy


class FirstscrapyItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    #编号
    movie_id = scrapy.Field()
    #电影的封面图片
    movie_img_url = scrapy.Field()
    #电影的名称
    movie_name = scrapy.Field()
    #跳转的url
    second_url = scrapy.Field()
    #电影的描述
    movie_description = scrapy.Field()
    #电影的评分星级
    movie_score = scrapy.Field()
    #电影的评论
    movice_comment = scrapy.Field()
    #电影的简介
    movie_tip = scrapy.Field()

解析爬虫

import scrapy
from  firstScrapy.items import FirstscrapyItem
class DoupanspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    #爬虫名称
    name = 'douban_spider'
    #允许访问的域名
    allowed_domains = ['movie.douban.com']
    #访问的入口地址，丢到调度器里面
    start_urls = ['https://movie.douban.com/top250']

    #解析爬虫返回的文件数据
    def parse(self, response):
        #解析movie列表数据
        movie_list = response.xpath("//div[@class='article']//ol[@class='grid_view']/li")
        if movie_list:
            for item in movie_list:
                douban_item = FirstscrapyItem()
                #电影序号
                movie_id =  item.xpath(".//div[@class='pic']//em//text()").extract()
                if len(movie_id) > 0:
                    douban_item['movie_id'] = movie_id[0]

                #电影封面图片
                movie_img_url = item.xpath(".//div[@class='pic']//a//img//@src").extract()
                if len(movie_img_url) > 0:
                    douban_item['movie_img_url'] = movie_img_url[0]

                #电影标题
                movie_name = item.xpath(".//div[@class='info']//div[@class='hd']/a/span/text()").extract()
                if len(movie_name) > 0:
                    douban_item['movie_name'] = movie_name[0]
                #电影详情跳转url地址信息
                second_url = item.xpath(".//div[@class='info']/div[@class='hd']/a/@href").extract()
                if len(second_url) > 0 :
                    douban_item['second_url'] = second_url[0]
                #电影描述
                movie_description = item.xpath(".//div[@class='info']//div[@class='hd']/a/span[@class='other']/text()").extract()
                if len(movie_description) > 0:
                    douban_item['movie_description'] = movie_description[0]

                #电影评分
                movie_score = item.xpath(".//div[@class='info']//div[@class='bd']//div[@class='star']//span[@class='rating_num']/text()").extract()
                if len(movie_score) > 0:
                    douban_item['movie_score'] = movie_score[0]

                #电影评论
                movie_comment = item.xpath(".//div[@class='info']//div[@class='bd']//div[@class='star']//span/text()").extract()
                if len(movie_comment) > 0:
                     douban_item['movie_comment'] = movie_comment[1]
                #电影总结
                movie_tip =  item.xpath(".//div[@class='info']//div[@class='bd']//p[@class='quote']/span/text()").extract()
                if len(movie_tip) >0 :
                    douban_item['movie_tip'] = movie_tip[0]
                #将数据交给管道处理
                yield douban_item
            #获取下一页的数据
        next_link = response.xpath("//span[@class='next']/link/@href").extract()
        if len(next_link) > 0 :
            next_link = next_link[0]
            #继续访问下一页
            url = "https://movie.douban.com/top250"+next_link
            print(url)
            yield scrapy.Request(url,callback=self.parse)

4.存储内容

启用管道的配置

将爬取的数据存储到mogodb中，这里使用dokcer 服务提供的mongodb

pip install pymongo

安装MongoDB详见
https://blog.csdn.net/u014265398/article/details/105949379?ops_request_misc=%257B%2522request%255Fid%2522%253A%2522161743195416780264056654%2522%252C%2522scm%2522%253A%252220140713.130102334.pc%255Fblog.%2522%257D&request_id=161743195416780264056654&biz_id=0&utm_medium=distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-blog-2_blogfirst_rank_v2~rank_v29-5-105949379.nonecase&utm_term=mogodb&spm=1018.2226.3001.4450

创建一个豆瓣用户数据库账号

db.createUser({ user: 'douban', pwd: '123456', roles: [{ role: "dbOwner", db: "douban" }] })
db.grantRolesToUser('douban', [{ role: 'dbOwner', db: 'douban' }])
db.auth('douban','123456')

pipelines.py

from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
import pymongo
from firstScrapy.settings import mongo_host,mongo_port,mongo_db_name,mongo_db_collection,mongo_account,mongo_password
class FirstscrapyPipeline:
    #定义初始化方法
    def __init__(self):
       db_name = mongo_db_name
       collection_name = mongo_db_collection
       #获取mogodb连接信息
       # client = pymongo.MongoClient('mongodb://douban:123456@localhost:27017/')
       client = pymongo.MongoClient('mongodb://%s:%s@%s:%s/'%(mongo_account,mongo_password,mongo_host,mongo_port))
       #获取数据表
       mydb=client[db_name]
       self.post = mydb[collection_name]
    #数据入库
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        #将字典数据转换为字典类型
        data = dict(item)
        self.post.insert(data)
        return item  # 必须实现返回

执行爬虫后

5.运行爬虫

scrapy crawl douban_spider

出现这个主要是settings.py 配置里面的user-aget没有配置，没有开启UA伪装

USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36'

在重新运行爬虫

已经得到豆瓣首页的网页信息

6.在项目里新建一个main.py,方便爬虫运行

from  scrapy import cmdline

cmdline.execute('scrapy crawl douban_spider'.split())

7.将豆瓣电影数据保存到json文件中

在项目根目录下执行如下命令

scrapy crawl douban_spider -o movie.json

这个时候项目根目录下就会有一个叫做movie的json文件

8.将电影数据保存到csv文件中

scrapy crawl douban_spider -o movie.csv

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总结

当遇到要爬取多层网页的时候可以使用scrapy提供的方法传参，示例如下:

  yield scrapy.Request(choice_url,callback=self.parse_other,dont_filter=True,meta={'videoItem':videoItem,'firstResponse':firstResponse})

link 参数:爬取下个网页的url地址
callback:指定解析的回调函数
meta:可以把当前的页面的参数传递给下一个页面的解析方法，下一个页面在回调函数里面的response里面获取meta对象即可

def parse_other(self,response):
     meta = dict(response.meta)
     firstResponse = meta['firstResponse']