iOS二维码识别/二维码生成

前言

最近在做一个关于二维码的组件,已发布,现总结下。
开发的APP所需支持的最低版本为7.0,最初的方案为扫描使用苹果自带的API实现扫一扫的功能、使用ZXing识别从相册或别人转发的二维码图片。但发现ZXing识别从相册中来的图片性能很差,很多图片识别不了,且耗时较长,遂使用ZBar来实现识别从相册或别人转发的二维码图片。
这个组件重要有三个功能,扫一扫识别二维码图片、长按图片识别二维码图片和生成二维码图片。

扫一扫识别二维码图片

- (void)initCapture {
    AVCaptureDevice* inputDevice =
    [AVCaptureDevice defaultDeviceWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo];
    
    [inputDevice lockForConfiguration:nil];
    if ([inputDevice hasTorch]) {
        inputDevice.torchMode = AVCaptureTorchModeAuto;
    }
    [inputDevice unlockForConfiguration];
    
    AVCaptureDeviceInput *captureInput =
    [AVCaptureDeviceInput deviceInputWithDevice:inputDevice error:nil];
    
    if (!captureInput) {
        if ([[[UIDevice currentDevice] systemVersion] floatValue] >= 7.0) {
            UIAlertController *alterVC = [UIAlertController alertControllerWithTitle:@"系统提示" message:@"您已关闭相机使用权限,请至手机“设置->隐私->相机”中打开" preferredStyle:UIAlertControllerStyleAlert];
            UIAlertAction *confirmAction = [UIAlertAction actionWithTitle:@"确定" style:UIAlertActionStyleDefault handler:nil];
            [alterVC addAction:confirmAction];
            [self presentViewController:alterVC animated:YES completion:nil];
            
        } else {
            UIAlertController *alterVC = [UIAlertController alertControllerWithTitle:@"系统提示" message:@"未能找到相机设备" preferredStyle:UIAlertControllerStyleAlert];
            UIAlertAction *confirmAction = [UIAlertAction actionWithTitle:@"确定" style:UIAlertActionStyleDefault handler:nil];
            [alterVC addAction:confirmAction];
            [self presentViewController:alterVC animated:YES completion:nil];
        }
        return;
    }
    
    AVCaptureMetadataOutput *captureOutput = [[AVCaptureMetadataOutput alloc] init];
    [captureOutput setMetadataObjectsDelegate:self queue:_queue];
    self.captureOutput = captureOutput;
    self.captureSession = [[AVCaptureSession alloc] init];
    [self.captureSession addInput:captureInput];
    [self.captureSession addOutput:captureOutput];
    
    CGFloat w = 1920.f;
    CGFloat h = 1080.f;
    if ([self.captureSession canSetSessionPreset:AVCaptureSessionPreset1920x1080]) {
        self.captureSession.sessionPreset = AVCaptureSessionPreset1920x1080;
    } else if ([self.captureSession canSetSessionPreset:AVCaptureSessionPreset1280x720]) {
        self.captureSession.sessionPreset = AVCaptureSessionPreset1280x720;
        w = 1280.f;
        h = 720.f;
    } else if ([self.captureSession canSetSessionPreset:AVCaptureSessionPreset640x480]) {
        self.captureSession.sessionPreset = AVCaptureSessionPreset640x480;
        w = 960.f;
        h = 540.f;
    }
    captureOutput.metadataObjectTypes = [captureOutput availableMetadataObjectTypes];
    CGRect bounds = [[UIScreen mainScreen] bounds];
    
    if (!self.prevLayer) {
        self.prevLayer = [AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer layerWithSession:self.captureSession];
    }
    self.prevLayer.frame = bounds;
    self.prevLayer.videoGravity = AVLayerVideoGravityResizeAspectFill;
    
    [self.view.layer insertSublayer:self.prevLayer atIndex:0];
    
//    计算rectOfInterest
    CGFloat p1 = bounds.size.height/bounds.size.width;
    CGFloat p2 = w/h;
    
    CGRect cropRect = CGRectMake(CGRectGetMinX(_cropRect) - kQRReaderScanExpandWidth, CGRectGetMinY(_cropRect) - kQRReaderScanExpandHeight, CGRectGetWidth(_cropRect) + 2*kQRReaderScanExpandWidth, CGRectGetHeight(_cropRect) + 2*kQRReaderScanExpandHeight);
    
    if (fabs(p1 - p2) < 0.00001) {
        captureOutput.rectOfInterest = CGRectMake(cropRect.origin.y /bounds.size.height,
                                                  cropRect.origin.x/bounds.size.width,
                                                  cropRect.size.height/bounds.size.height,
                                                  cropRect.size.width/bounds.size.width);
    } else if (p1 < p2) {
        //实际图像被截取一段高
        CGFloat fixHeight = bounds.size.width * w / h;
        CGFloat fixPadding = (fixHeight - bounds.size.height)/2;
        captureOutput.rectOfInterest = CGRectMake((cropRect.origin.y + fixPadding)/fixHeight,
                                                  cropRect.origin.x/bounds.size.width,
                                                  cropRect.size.height/fixHeight,
                                                  cropRect.size.width/bounds.size.width);
    } else {
        CGFloat fixWidth = bounds.size.height * h / w;
        CGFloat fixPadding = (fixWidth - bounds.size.width)/2;
        captureOutput.rectOfInterest = CGRectMake(cropRect.origin.y/bounds.size.height,
                                                  (cropRect.origin.x + fixPadding)/fixWidth,
                                                  cropRect.size.height/bounds.size.height,
                                                  cropRect.size.width/fixWidth);
    }
}

长按图片识别二维码图片

识别图片使用的是ZBar,最初的方案为ZXing,因为ZXing有人在维护,但ZXing识别相册中的二维码图片或本地的图片,有些图片根本就识别不出来,且耗时较长,所以改为使用ZBar。在网上找到一篇文章再见ZXing 使用系统原生代码处理QRCode,实测发现在iOS9,iphone4s上传回来的数组为空。代码如下:

    //decode
    - (NSString *)decodeQRImageWith:(UIImage*)aImage {
        NSString *qrResult = nil;
        
        //iOS8及以上可以使用系统自带的识别二维码图片接口,但此api有问题,在一些机型上detector为nil。
        
        //    if (iOS8_OR_LATER) {
        //        CIContext *context = [CIContext contextWithOptions:nil];
        //        CIDetector *detector = [CIDetector detectorOfType:CIDetectorTypeQRCode context:context options:@{CIDetectorAccuracy:CIDetectorAccuracyHigh}];
        //        CIImage *image = [CIImage imageWithCGImage:aImage.CGImage];
        //        NSArray *features = [detector featuresInImage:image];
        //        CIQRCodeFeature *feature = [features firstObject];
        //
        //        qrResult = feature.messageString;
        //    } else {
        
        ZBarReaderController* read = [ZBarReaderController new];
        CGImageRef cgImageRef = aImage.CGImage;
        ZBarSymbol* symbol = nil;
        for(symbol in [read scanImage:cgImageRef]) break;
        qrResult = symbol.data ;
        return qrResult;
    }

无图无真相:

14567CBE-E1D2-4FA7-AFA3-8B2037171F38.jpg
detector的值为nil,也就是说

    CIDetector *detector = [CIDetector detectorOfType:CIDetectorTypeQRCode context:context options:@{CIDetectorAccuracy:CIDetectorAccuracyHigh}];

CIDetector的初始化方法无效。推测是苹果API的问题。

生成二维码图片

在iOS8及以上版本使用苹果的API生成二维码图片,代码如下:

- (UIImage *)encodeQRImageWithContent:(NSString *)content size:(CGSize)size {
    UIImage *codeImage = nil;
    if (iOS8_OR_LATER) {
        NSData *stringData = [content dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding];
       
        //生成
        CIFilter *qrFilter = [CIFilter filterWithName:@"CIQRCodeGenerator"];
        [qrFilter setValue:stringData forKey:@"inputMessage"];
        [qrFilter setValue:@"M" forKey:@"inputCorrectionLevel"];
        
        UIColor *onColor = [UIColor blackColor];
        UIColor *offColor = [UIColor whiteColor];
        
        //上色
        CIFilter *colorFilter = [CIFilter filterWithName:@"CIFalseColor"
                                           keysAndValues:
                                 @"inputImage",qrFilter.outputImage,
                                 @"inputColor0",[CIColor colorWithCGColor:onColor.CGColor],
                                 @"inputColor1",[CIColor colorWithCGColor:offColor.CGColor],
                                 nil];
        
        CIImage *qrImage = colorFilter.outputImage;
        CGImageRef cgImage = [[CIContext contextWithOptions:nil] createCGImage:qrImage fromRect:qrImage.extent];
        UIGraphicsBeginImageContext(size);
        CGContextRef context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext();
        CGContextSetInterpolationQuality(context, kCGInterpolationNone);
        CGContextScaleCTM(context, 1.0, -1.0);
        CGContextDrawImage(context, CGContextGetClipBoundingBox(context), cgImage);
        codeImage = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext();
        UIGraphicsEndImageContext();
        
        CGImageRelease(cgImage);
    } else {
        codeImage = [QRCodeGenerator qrImageForString:content imageSize:size.width];
    }
    return codeImage;
}

iOS8以下使用libqrencode库来生成二维码图片。

代码完善

2015年12月11日

QA测试发现,服务端生成的二维码,使用ZBar识别不出来,但将这张图片保存到相册,然后发送就可以识别出来。最初的想法是要服务端修改生成的二维码,但安卓能够识别出来,此路不通,那只有看ZBar的源码了。

- (id <NSFastEnumeration>) scanImage: (CGImageRef) image
{
    timer_start;
    int nsyms = [self scanImage: image
                      withScaling: 0];
  //没有识别出来,判断CGImageRef对象的宽和高是否大于640,大于或等于的话进行缩放再进行扫描
    if(!nsyms &&
       CGImageGetWidth(image) >= 640 &&
       CGImageGetHeight(image) >= 640)
        // make one more attempt for close up, grainy images
        nsyms = [self scanImage: image
                      withScaling: .5];

    NSMutableArray *syms = nil;
    if(nsyms) {
        // quality/type filtering
        int max_quality = MIN_QUALITY;
        for(ZBarSymbol *sym in scanner.results) {
            zbar_symbol_type_t type = sym.type;
            int quality;
            if(type == ZBAR_QRCODE)
                quality = INT_MAX;
            else
                quality = sym.quality;

            if(quality < max_quality) {
                zlog(@"    type=%d quality=%d < %d\n",
                     type, quality, max_quality);
                continue;
            }

            if(max_quality < quality) {
                max_quality = quality;
                if(syms)
                    [syms removeAllObjects];
            }
            zlog(@"    type=%d quality=%d\n", type, quality);
            if(!syms)
                syms = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity: 1];

            [syms addObject: sym];
        }
    }

    zlog(@"read %d filtered symbols in %gs total\n",
          (!syms) ? 0 : [syms count], timer_elapsed(t_start, timer_now()));
    return(syms);
}

在这里就产生了一个解决有些二维码图片识别不出来的解决思路:将传过来的UIImage的宽和高设置为640,识别不出来再进行缩放识别。修改UIImage的代码如下:

-(UIImage *)TransformtoSize:(CGSize)Newsize
{
    // 创建一个bitmap的context
    UIGraphicsBeginImageContext(Newsize);
    // 绘制改变大小的图片
    [self drawInRect:CGRectMake(0, 0, Newsize.width, Newsize.height)];
    // 从当前context中创建一个改变大小后的图片
    UIImage *TransformedImg=UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext();
    // 使当前的context出堆栈
    UIGraphicsEndImageContext();
    // 返回新的改变大小后的图片
    return TransformedImg;
}

这样类似于ZXing中的tryHard设置为YES。识别不出来的二维码图片就可以识别了。

2016年5月20日
bug: 点击进入扫一扫界面,退出,再进入,这样重复5次左右,扫一扫之前的界面的会出现卡顿。
原因:多次进入扫一扫界面,再退出,因此界面未被系统回收,captureSession对象一直在运行,会造成内存泄露,引起上一个界面卡顿。
解决方案:在视图将要消失的时候,确保captureSession对象停止运行。

- (void)viewWillDisappear:(BOOL)animated
{
    [super viewWillDisappear:animated];
    if ([self.captureSession isRunning]) {
        [self.captureSession stopRunning];
    }
}

2018年4月28日

识别二维码图片优化

近期通过bugly收集卡顿问题发现,二维码组件在识别二维码图片时,会出现卡顿问题。为优化识别速度,采用了三种方案,并分别进行测试,并对测试数据进行分析,最终挑选出最优的方案。

任务A:使用系统提供的CoreImage的CIDetector接口去识别二维码图片,返回对应的字符串;
任务B:使用zbar中的方法去识别二维码图片,返回对应的字符串。

//任务A
+ (NSString *)useSystemMethodDecodeImage:(UIImage *)image {
    NSString *resultString = nil;
    CIDetector *detector = [CIDetector detectorOfType:CIDetectorTypeQRCode
                                              context:nil
                                              options:@{CIDetectorAccuracy:CIDetectorAccuracyHigh}];
    if (detector) {
        CIImage *ciImage = [CIImage imageWithCGImage:image.CGImage];
        NSArray *features = [detector featuresInImage:ciImage];
        CIQRCodeFeature *feature = [features firstObject];
        resultString = feature.messageString;
    }
    return resultString;
}
//任务B
+ (NSString *)useZbarMethodDecodeImage:(UIImage *)image {
    UIImage *decodeImage = image;
    if (decodeImage.size.width < 641) {
        decodeImage = [decodeImage TransformtoSize:CGSizeMake(640, 640)];
    }
    QRCodeZBarReaderController* read = [QRCodeZBarReaderController new];
    CGImageRef cgImageRef = decodeImage.CGImage;
    QRCodeZBarSymbol *symbol = nil;
    for(symbol in [read scanImage:cgImageRef]) break;
    return symbol.data;
}
  • 方案A:先执行任务A,如果获取到的字符串为空,再执行任务B。
+ (NSString *)planOneDecodeWithImage:(UIImage *)image index:(NSInteger)index{
 
    NSMutableString *costTimeInfo = [NSMutableString stringWithFormat:@"%ld\r\n",index];
    CFAbsoluteTime startTime = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent();
    NSString *detectorString = [MUIQRCodeDecoder useSystemMethodDecodeImage:image];
    CFAbsoluteTime detectorCostTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime);
    
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"detector : %f ms\r\n",detectorCostTime *1000.0]];
    
    NSAssert(detectorString.length > 0, @"detector fail!");
    CFAbsoluteTime zbarStartTime = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent();
    NSString *zbarSymbolString = [MUIQRCodeDecoder useZbarMethodDecodeImage:image];
    NSAssert(zbarSymbolString.length > 0, @"zbar fail!");
    CFAbsoluteTime zbarCostTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - zbarStartTime);
    
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"zbar : %f ms\r\n",zbarCostTime *1000.0]];
    
    CFAbsoluteTime totalCostTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime);
    
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"total cost : %f ms\r\n",totalCostTime *1000.0]];
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"detectorString : %@ ms\r\n",detectorString]];
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"zbarSymbolString : %@ ms\r\n",zbarSymbolString]];
    return [costTimeInfo copy];
}
  • 方案B:同时执行任务A和任务B,两者均执行完后,返回识别的结果;
+ (NSString *)planTwoDecodeWithImage:(UIImage *)image index:(NSInteger)index { 
    __block NSMutableString *costTimeInfo = [NSMutableString stringWithFormat:@"%ld\r\n",index];
    __block NSString *detectorString = nil;
    __block NSString *zbarSymbolString = nil;
    
    CFAbsoluteTime startTime = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent();
    
    dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
    dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
    
    dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
        detectorString = [MUIQRCodeDecoder useSystemMethodDecodeImage:image];
        NSAssert(detectorString.length > 0, @"detector fail!");
        CFAbsoluteTime costTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime);
        [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"detector : %f ms\r\n",costTime *1000.0]];
    });
    
    dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
        zbarSymbolString = [MUIQRCodeDecoder useZbarMethodDecodeImage:image];
        NSAssert(zbarSymbolString.length > 0, @"zbar fail!");
        CFAbsoluteTime costTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime);
        [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"zbar : %f ms\r\n",costTime *1000.0]];
    });
    
    dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
        dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);
    });
    
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    
    CFAbsoluteTime totalCostTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime);
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"total cost : %f ms\r\n",totalCostTime *1000.0]];
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"detectorString : %@ ms\r\n",detectorString]];
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"zbarSymbolString : %@ ms\r\n",zbarSymbolString]];
    return [costTimeInfo copy];
}
  • 方案C:同时执行任务A和任务B
    1、任务A先执行完且识别成功,返回识别结果;
    2、任务B先执行完且识别成功,返回识别结果;
    3、任务A和任务B均识别失败,两者均执行完后,返回识别的结果。
+ (NSString *)planThreeDecodeWithImage:(UIImage *)image index:(NSInteger)index {
    __block NSMutableString *costTimeInfo = [NSMutableString stringWithFormat:@"%ld\r\n",index];
    __block NSString *detectorString = nil;
    __block NSString *zbarSymbolString = nil;
    __block BOOL isNeedSendSignal = YES;
    
    CFAbsoluteTime startTime = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent();
    
    dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
    dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
    
    dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
        detectorString = [MUIQRCodeDecoder useSystemMethodDecodeImage:image];
        //NSAssert(detectorString.length > 0, @"detector fail!");
        CFAbsoluteTime costTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime);
        [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"detector : %f ms\r\n",costTime *1000.0]];
        if (detectorString.length > 0 && isNeedSendSignal) {
            isNeedSendSignal = NO;
            dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);
        }
    });
    
    dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
        zbarSymbolString = [MUIQRCodeDecoder useZbarMethodDecodeImage:image];
        //NSAssert(zbarSymbolString.length > 0, @"zbar fail!");
        CFAbsoluteTime costTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime);
        [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"zbar : %f ms\r\n",costTime *1000.0]];
        if (zbarSymbolString.length > 0 && isNeedSendSignal) {
            isNeedSendSignal = NO;
            dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);
        }
    });
    
    dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
        if (isNeedSendSignal) {
            dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);
        }
    });
    
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    
    CFAbsoluteTime totalCostTime = (CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent() - startTime);
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"total cost : %f ms\r\n",totalCostTime *1000.0]];
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"detectorString : %@ ms\r\n",detectorString]];
    [costTimeInfo appendString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"zbarSymbolString : %@ ms\r\n",zbarSymbolString]]; 
    return [costTimeInfo copy];
}

测试数据如下所示:(取了前10张图片)

识别二维码图片耗时.png

分析测试数据发现:
1、在测试第一张二维码图片时,总耗时均较大,如果第一次识别使用的是系统方法,耗时超过500ms,这也是为什么会出现卡顿的原因;
2、使用系统方法去识别二维码图片时,如果不是第一次去识别,耗时较小,在65ms以内;
3、使用zbar的方法去识别二维码图片,耗时均值在200ms以内;
4、在方案C中,如果第一次使用系统方法,耗时为226ms。

总结得出,从优化卡顿问题的角度出发,使用方案C最优,同时发现,如果使用系统方法能识别出二维码图片,在初始化之后(也就是第二次使用),耗时最短。同时因为在实际的使用场景中,图片是一张一张识别的,识别过程有一个间隔时间,如果已经使用系统方法识别过二维码图片,那下次识别就能达到最优。所以使用方案C的话,最差情况均值在200ms左右,最好的情况和方案A中第二次使用系统方法耗时基本一致。综合考虑,使用方案C。

小结

在实际的项目开发过程中,设想的情况和实际情况会存在偏差,需要自己时刻使用性能调优工具,根据数据去进行优化,而不能想当然的认为某种方式是最优的。
源码和demo请点这里
参考的文章链接如下
再见ZXing 使用系统原生代码处理QRCode
IOS二维码扫描,你需要注意的两件事
[Zbar算法流程介绍](http://blog.csdn.net/u013738531/article/details/54574262)

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