几个概念
浅拷贝
基本数据类型拷贝数值,而对象拷贝对象的引用。
深拷贝
基本数据类型拷贝数值,而对象,则创建一个新的对象,并把原本对象里面的值一一拷贝到新的对象中,开辟了新的内存空间,而不仅仅引用同一个对象。
native
JNI是Java Native Interface的 缩写。从Java 1.1开始,Java Native Interface (JNI)标准成为java平台的一部分,它允许Java代码和其他语言写的代码进行交互。JNI一开始是为了本地已编译语言,尤其是C和C++而设计的,但是它并不妨碍你使用其他语言,只要调用约定受支持就可以了。使用java与本地已编译的代码交互,通常会丧失平台可移植性。但是,有些情况下这样做是可以接受的,甚至是必须的,比如,使用一些旧的库,与硬件、操作系统进行交互,或者为了提高程序的性能。JNI标准至少保证本地代码能工作在任何Java 虚拟机实现下。
Object的clone方法
自定义类实现clone方法的要求
- 继承Object
因为Java中除了极个别的类之外,都是继承自Object
,所以都从Object
中继承了clone方法。 - 实现Cloneable接口
Cloneable并没有声明的方法,所以这个接口相当于一个“标记”的作用,标记该类可以调用clone
方法。如果某些类不需要实现clone
,就可以不实现该接口,从而达到一个保护的作用。如果没有实现该接口,而去调用clone
方法的话则会抛出CloneNotSupportedException
。 - 将clone方法声明为public
- 如果有必要重写clone方法,则需要调用
super.clone()
几个要点
Object
中clone
方法只通过JNI实现对象浅拷贝。
x.clone() != x
返回的拷贝对象是开辟新的内存。- x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()
- x.clone().equals(x)
“值相等”只是基本数据类型的值相等,而引用类型的引用相等。如果该类的成员对象只是基本数据类型以及不可变对象的引用类型,就无须重写clone
方法,只需要把修饰符改成public
。但是所以如果要实现深拷贝,则需要重写clone
方法。而引用类型的深拷贝的实现同样按照以上的要求——实现Cloneable接口。
- 如果没有实现
Cloneable
接口,而去调用clone
方法的话则会抛出CloneNotSupportedException
。 - 数组默认实现
Cloneable
接口,实现浅拷贝。
Object的clone方法
public class Object {
/**
* Creates and returns a copy of this object. The precise meaning
* of "copy" may depend on the class of the object. The general
* intent is that, for any object {@code x}, the expression:
* <blockquote>
* <pre>
* x.clone() != x</pre></blockquote>
* will be true, and that the expression:
* <blockquote>
* <pre>
* x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()</pre></blockquote>
* will be {@code true}, but these are not absolute requirements.
* While it is typically the case that:
* <blockquote>
* <pre>
* x.clone().equals(x)</pre></blockquote>
* will be {@code true}, this is not an absolute requirement.
* <p>
* By convention, the returned object should be obtained by calling
* {@code super.clone}. If a class and all of its superclasses (except
* {@code Object}) obey this convention, it will be the case that
* {@code x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()}.
* <p>
* By convention, the object returned by this method should be independent
* of this object (which is being cloned). To achieve this independence,
* it may be necessary to modify one or more fields of the object returned
* by {@code super.clone} before returning it. Typically, this means
* copying any mutable objects that comprise the internal "deep structure"
* of the object being cloned and replacing the references to these
* objects with references to the copies. If a class contains only
* primitive fields or references to immutable objects, then it is usually
* the case that no fields in the object returned by {@code super.clone}
* need to be modified.
* <p>
* The method {@code clone} for class {@code Object} performs a
* specific cloning operation. First, if the class of this object does
* not implement the interface {@code Cloneable}, then a
* {@code CloneNotSupportedException} is thrown. Note that all arrays
* are considered to implement the interface {@code Cloneable} and that
* the return type of the {@code clone} method of an array type {@code T[]}
* is {@code T[]} where T is any reference or primitive type.
* Otherwise, this method creates a new instance of the class of this
* object and initializes all its fields with exactly the contents of
* the corresponding fields of this object, as if by assignment; the
* contents of the fields are not themselves cloned. Thus, this method
* performs a "shallow copy" of this object, not a "deep copy" operation.
* <p>
* The class {@code Object} does not itself implement the interface
* {@code Cloneable}, so calling the {@code clone} method on an object
* whose class is {@code Object} will result in throwing an
* exception at run time.
*
* @return a clone of this instance.
* @throws CloneNotSupportedException if the object's class does not
* support the {@code Cloneable} interface. Subclasses
* that override the {@code clone} method can also
* throw this exception to indicate that an instance cannot
* be cloned.
* @see java.lang.Cloneable
*/
protected native Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException;
}
接口Cloneable
/**
* A class implements the <code>Cloneable</code> interface to
* indicate to the {@link java.lang.Object#clone()} method that it
* is legal for that method to make a
* field-for-field copy of instances of that class.
* <p>
* Invoking Object's clone method on an instance that does not implement the
* <code>Cloneable</code> interface results in the exception
* <code>CloneNotSupportedException</code> being thrown.
* <p>
* By convention, classes that implement this interface should override
* <tt>Object.clone</tt> (which is protected) with a public method.
* See {@link java.lang.Object#clone()} for details on overriding this
* method.
* <p>
* Note that this interface does <i>not</i> contain the <tt>clone</tt> method.
* Therefore, it is not possible to clone an object merely by virtue of the
* fact that it implements this interface. Even if the clone method is invoked
* reflectively, there is no guarantee that it will succeed.
*
* @author unascribed
* @see java.lang.CloneNotSupportedException
* @see java.lang.Object#clone()
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public interface Cloneable {
}
利用串行化来实现深层复制
在Java语言里深层复制一个对象,常常可以先使对象实现Serializable接口,然后把对象(实际上只是对象的一个拷贝)写到一个流中,再从流中读出来,便可以重建对象。