bit rate / frame rate /sample rate等等

码率:Bit Rate,指视频或音频文件在单位时间内使用的数据流量,该参数的单位通常是Kbps,也就是千比特每秒。通常2000kbps~3000kbps就已经足以将画质效果表现到极致了。码率参数与视频文件最终体积大小有直接性的关系。 (编码码率---软件)

  混合码率:Overall Bit Rate,指视频文件中视频和音频混合后的整体平均码率。一般描述一个视频文件的码率都是指OBR,如新浪播客允许的OBR上限为523Kbps。 

  固定码率:Constant Bit Rate,指的是编码器的输出码率(或者解码器的输入码率)应该是固定制(常数)。CBR不适合高清晰度视频的编码,因为CBR将导致没有足够的码率应对复杂多变内容部分进行编码(从而导致画质下降),同时在简单的内容部分会浪费一些码率。 

  可变码率:Variable Bit Rate,编码器的输出码率(或者解码器的输入码率)可以根据编码器的输入源信号的负责度自适应的调整,目的是达到保持输出质量保持不变而不是保持输出码率保持不变。VBR编码会消耗较多的计算时间,但可以更好的利用有限的存储空间:用比较多的码率对复杂度高的段进行编码,用比较少的码率对复杂度低的段进行编码。总之需要清晰度高且体积小的视频,选择VBR是明智的选择。 

  平均码率:Average Bit Rate,指音频或视频的平均码率,可以简单的认为等于文件大小除以播放时间。在音频编码方面与CBR基本相同,会按照设定的目标码率进行编码。但当编码器认为“适当”的时候,会使用高于目标码率的数值来进行编码以保证更好的质量。 

  帧率:Frame Rate,是用于测量画面显示帧数的量度。所谓的测量单位为每秒显示帧数(Frames per Second,缩写:FPS)。如电影的帧率一般是25fps和29.97fps,而第一人称射击游戏等要求画面极为顺畅的特殊场合,则需要30fps以上的效果,高于60fps就没有必要了。 

  采样率:每秒从连续信号中提取并组成离散信号的采样个数,它用赫兹(Hz)来表示。一般音乐CD的采样率是44100Hz,所以视频编码中的音频采样率保持在这个级别就完全足够了,通常视频转换器也将这个采样率作为默认设置。(芯片采样次数---硬件,得到的是原始波形文件pcm) 

  Single Pass:在编码的时候只进行一次运算,直接生成经过编码的视频文件。 

  Two Pass:需要运算两次,可以理解为先进行一次全局的计算,收集画面信息,并将这些信息记录到信息文件。第二次才根据采集的信息,正式进行压缩,生成压缩文件。 

  Single pass模式编码较简单,编码速度较快,但是最终质量不如Two pass模式好,对于视频源本身画质就不佳的编码过程可以采用。Two pass通过第一次运算的信息采集,可以让需要高码率的运动画面可以分配更的码率来保证画面质量。而对于不包含太多运动信息的静态画面,则可以消减分配的码率。Twopass模式可以在影片容量与画面质量之间找到最佳平衡点。所以要求画面清晰的视频,肯定要选择Two Pass,只是编码速度惨不忍睹。

  封装格式:多媒体封装格式也称多媒体容器 (Multimedia Container),它不同于H.264、 AAC这类编码格式,它只是为多媒体编码提供了一个“外壳”,也就是所谓的视频格式。如MP4、AVI、MKV、FLV、WMA等。 

  画面比例:Aspect Ratio,指视频画面宽和高的比例。常见的比例有16:9和4:3。电视媒体有严格的视频制式要求,视频比例和帧数都是固定的,而网络传播的视频比例则较为自由。一般DVD和BD电影的视频比例大多是宽屏或者超宽屏。在视频编码过程中一定要注意画面比例是否正确,不然就会出现画面拉伸变形。 

  分辨率:指视频宽高的像素数值,单位为Px。通常视频分辨率的数值宽高比要等于画面比例,不然视频文件就会产生黑边。标准1080P的分辨率为1920×1080,帧率为60fps,也就是真高清。而最常见的网络传播的1080P高清片帧率通常为23.976 fps。

转载出处:http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-20737871-id-3427075.html
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The MediaInfo data display includes: Container: format, profile, commercial name of the format, duration, overall bit rate, writing application and library, title, author, director, album, track number, date, duration... Video: format, codec id, aspect, frame rate, bit rate, color space, chroma subsampling, bit depth, scan type, scan order... Audio: format, codec id, sample rate, channels, bit depth, language, bit rate... Text: format, codec id, language of subtitle... Chapters: count of chapters, list of chapters... MediaInfo analyticals include: Container: MPEG-4, QuickTime, Matroska, AVI, MPEG-PS (including unprotected DVD), MPEG-TS (including unprotected Blu-ray), MXF, GXF, LXF, WMV, FLV, Real... Tags: Id3v1, Id3v2, Vorbis comments, APE tags... Video: MPEG-1/2 Video, H.263, MPEG-4 Visual (including DivX, XviD), H.264/AVC, H.265/HEVC, FFV1... Audio: MPEG Audio (including MP3), AC3, DTS, AAC, Dolby E, AES3, FLAC... Subtitles: CEA-608, CEA-708, DTVCC, SCTE-20, SCTE-128, ATSC/53, CDP, DVB Subtitle, Teletext, SRT, SSA, ASS, SAMI... MediaInfo features include: Read many video and audio file formats View information in different formats (text, sheet, tree, HTML...) Customise these viewing formats Export information as text, CSV, HTML... Graphical user interface, command line interface, or library (.dll/.so/.dylib) versions available Integrate with the shell (drag 'n' drop, and Context menu) Internationalisation: display any language on any operating system Localisation capability (for which volunteers are needed - please contact us!) License: It is Open-Source software which means that end users and developers have freedom to study, to improve and to redistribute the program (BSD-style license).
新一代视频压缩编码技术!今年刚认证的H.265编码标准,前几天一直找不到白皮书,今天发上来,估计不少人也在找吧。下面是目录: CONTENTS Page Abstract i 0 Introduction 1 0.1 General 1 0.2 Prologue 1 0.3 Purpose 1 0.4 Applications 1 0.5 Publication and versions of this Specification 1 0.6 Profiles, tiers and levels 2 0.7 Overview of the design characteristics 2 0.8 How to read this Specification 2 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references 3 2.1 General 3 2.2 Identical Recommendations | International Standards 3 2.3 Paired Recommendations | International Standards equivalent in technical content 3 2.4 Additional references 3 3 Definitions 3 4 Abbreviations 12 5 Conventions 13 5.1 General 13 5.2 Arithmetic operators 13 5.3 Logical operators 13 5.4 Relational operators 14 5.5 Bit-wise operators 14 5.6 Assignment operators 14 5.7 Range notation 14 5.8 Mathematical functions 15 5.9 Order of operation precedence 15 5.10 Variables, syntax elements, and tables 16 5.11 Text description of logical operations 17 5.12 Processes 18 6 Bitstream and picture formats, partitionings, scanning processes, and neighbouring relationships 18 6.1 Bitstream formats 18 6.2 Source, decoded, and output picture formats 18 6.3 Partitioning of pictures, slices, slice segments, tiles, coding tree units, and coding tree blocks 21 6.3.1 Partitioning of pictures into slices, slice segments, and tiles 21 6.3.2 Block and quadtree structures 22 6.3.3 Spatial or component-wise partionings 23 6.4 Availability processes 23 6.4.1 Derivation process for z-scan order block availability 23 6.4.2 Derivation process for prediction block availability 24 6.5 Scanning processes 25 6.5.1 Coding tree block raster and tile scanning conversion process 25 6.5.2 Z-scan order array initialization process 26 6.5.3 Up-right diagonal scan order array initialization process 26 6.5.4 Horizontal scan order array initialization process 27 6.5.5 Vertical scan order array initialization process 27 7 Syntax and semantics 28 7.1 Method of specifying syntax in tabular form 28 7.2 Specification of syntax functions and descriptors 29 7.3 Syntax in tabular form 30 7.3.1 NAL unit syntax 30 7.3.1.1 General NAL unit syntax 30 7.3.1.2 NAL unit header syntax 30 7.3.2 Raw byte sequence payloads, trailing bits, and byte alignment syntax 31 7.3.2.1 Video parameter set RBSP syntax 31 7.3.2.2 Sequence parameter set RBSP syntax 32 7.3.2.3 Picture parameter set RBSP syntax 34 7.3.2.4 Supplemental enhancement information RBSP syntax 35 7.3.2.5 Access unit delimiter RBSP syntax 35 7.3.2.6 End of sequence RBSP syntax 35 7.3.2.7 End of bitstream RBSP syntax 35 7.3.2.8 Filler data RBSP syntax 36 7.3.2.9 Slice segment layer RBSP syntax 36 7.3.2.10 RBSP slice segment trailing bits syntax 36 7.3.2.11 RBSP trailing bits syntax 36 7.3.2.12 Byte alignment syntax 36 7.3.3 Profile, tier and level syntax 37 7.3.4 Scaling list data syntax 38 7.3.5 Supplemental enhancement information message syntax 38 7.3.6 Slice segment header syntax 39 7.3.6.1 General slice segment header syntax 39 7.3.6.2 Reference picture list modification syntax 41 7.3.6.3 Weighted prediction parameters syntax 42 7.3.7 Short-term reference picture set syntax 43 7.3.8 Slice segment data syntax 43 7.3.8.1 General slice segment data syntax 43 7.3.8.2 Coding tree unit syntax 44 7.3.8.3 Sample adaptive offset syntax 45 7.3.8.4 Coding quadtree syntax 46 7.3.8.5 Coding unit syntax 47 7.3.8.6 Prediction unit syntax 49 7.3.8.7 PCM sample syntax 49 7.3.8.8 Transform tree syntax 50 7.3.8.9 Motion vector difference syntax 50 7.3.8.10 Transform unit syntax 51 7.3.8.11 Residual coding syntax 52 7.4 Semantics 54 7.4.1 General 54 7.4.2 NAL unit semantics 54 7.4.2.1 General NAL unit semantics 54 7.4.2.2 NAL unit header semantics 55 7.4.2.3 Encapsulation of an SODB within an RBSP (informative) 58 7.4.2.4 Order of NAL units and association to coded pictures, access units, and coded video sequences 59 7.4.3 Raw byte sequence payloads, trailing bits, and byte alignment semantics 62 7.4.3.1 Video parameter set RBSP semantics 62 7.4.3.2 Sequence parameter set RBSP semantics 64 7.4.3.3 Picture parameter set RBSP semantics 69 7.4.3.4 Supplemental enhancement information RBSP semantics 72 7.4.3.5 Access unit delimiter RBSP semantics 72 7.4.3.6 End of sequence RBSP semantics 72 7.4.3.7 End of bitstream RBSP semantics 72 7.4.3.8 Filler data RBSP semantics 73 7.4.3.9 Slice segment layer RBSP semantics 73 7.4.3.10 RBSP slice segment trailing bits semantics 73 7.4.3.11 RBSP trailing bits semantics 73 7.4.3.12 Byte alignment semantics 73 7.4.4 Profile, tier and level semantics 73 7.4.5 Scaling list data semantics 75 7.4.6 Supplemental enhancement information message semantics 76 7.4.7 Slice segment header semantics 77 7.4.7.1 General slice segment header semantics 77 7.4.7.2 Reference picture list modification semantics 81 7.4.7.3 Weighted prediction parameters semantics 82 7.4.8 Short-term reference picture set semantics 83 7.4.9 Slice segment data semantics 85 7.4.9.1 General slice segment data semantics 85 7.4.9.2 Coding tree unit semantics 85 7.4.9.3 Sample adaptive offset semantics 85 7.4.9.4 Coding quadtree semantics 87 7.4.9.5 Coding unit semantics 87 7.4.9.6 Prediction unit semantics 89 7.4.9.7 PCM sample semantics 90 7.4.9.8 Transform tree semantics 90 7.4.9.9 Motion vector difference semantics 91 7.4.9.10 Transform unit semantics 91 7.4.9.11 Residual coding semantics 92 8 Decoding process 94 8.1 General decoding process 94 8.2 NAL unit decoding process 95 8.3 Slice decoding process 96 8.3.1 Decoding process for picture order count 96 8.3.2 Decoding process for reference picture set 96 8.3.3 Decoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures 100 8.3.3.1 General decoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures 100 8.3.3.2 Generation of one unavailable picture 101 8.3.4 Decoding process for reference picture lists construction 101 8.4 Decoding process for coding units coded in intra prediction mode 102 8.4.1 General decoding process for coding units coded in intra prediction mode 102 8.4.2 Derivation process for luma intra prediction mode 103 8.4.3 Derivation process for chroma intra prediction mode 105 8.4.4 Decoding process for intra blocks 105 8.4.4.1 General decoding process for intra blocks 105 8.4.4.2 Intra sample prediction 106 8.5 Decoding process for coding units coded in inter prediction mode 112 8.5.1 General decoding process for coding units coded in inter prediction mode 112 8.5.2 Inter prediction process 112 8.5.3 Decoding process for prediction units in inter prediction mode 115 8.5.3.1 General 115 8.5.3.2 Derivation process for motion vector components and reference indices 115 8.5.3.3 Decoding process for inter prediction samples 130 8.5.4 Decoding process for the residual signal of coding units coded in inter prediction mode 138 8.5.4.1 General 138 8.5.4.2 Decoding process for luma residual blocks 139 8.5.4.3 Decoding process for chroma residual blocks 140 8.6 Scaling, transformation and array construction process prior to deblocking filter process 141 8.6.1 Derivation process for quantization parameters 141 8.6.2 Scaling and transformation process 142 8.6.3 Scaling process for transform coefficients 143 8.6.4 Transformation process for scaled transform coefficients 144 8.6.4.1 General 144 8.6.4.2 Transformation process 144 8.6.5 Picture construction process prior to in-loop filter process 146 8.7 In-loop filter process 146 8.7.1 General 146 8.7.2 Deblocking filter process 147 8.7.2.1 General 147 8.7.2.2 Derivation process of transform block boundary 148 8.7.2.3 Derivation process of prediction block boundary 149 8.7.2.4 Derivation process of boundary filtering strength 150 8.7.2.5 Edge filtering process 151 8.7.3 Sample adaptive offset process 159 8.7.3.1 General 159 8.7.3.2 Coding tree block modification process 159 9 Parsing process 161 9.1 General 161 9.2 Parsing process for 0-th order Exp-Golomb codes 161 9.2.1 General 161 9.2.2 Mapping process for signed Exp-Golomb codes 163 9.3 CABAC parsing process for slice segment data 163 9.3.1 General 163 9.3.2 Initialization process 165 9.3.2.1 General 165 9.3.2.2 Initialization process for context variables 166 9.3.2.3 Storage process for context variables 174 9.3.2.4 Synchronization process for context variables 174 9.3.2.5 Initialization process for the arithmetic decoding engine 174 9.3.3 Binarization process 175 9.3.3.1 General 175 9.3.3.2 Truncated Rice (TR) binarization process 176 9.3.3.3 k-th order Exp-Golomb (EGk) binarization process 177 9.3.3.4 Fixed-length (FL) binarization process 178 9.3.3.5 Binarization process for part_mode 178 9.3.3.6 Binarization process for intra_chroma_pred_mode 178 9.3.3.7 Binarization process for inter_pred_idc 179 9.3.3.8 Binarization process for cu_qp_delta_abs 179 9.3.3.9 Binarization process for coeff_abs_level_remaining 179 9.3.4 Decoding process flow 180 9.3.4.1 General 180 9.3.4.2 Derivation process for ctxTable, ctxIdx and bypassFlag 180 9.3.4.3 Arithmetic decoding process 186 9.3.5 Arithmetic encoding process (informative) 192 9.3.5.1 General 192 9.3.5.2 Initialization process for the arithmetic encoding engine (informative) 192 9.3.5.3 Encoding process for a binary decision (informative) 193 9.3.5.4 Renormalization process in the arithmetic encoding engine (informative) 194 9.3.5.5 Bypass encoding process for binary decisions (informative) 195 9.3.5.6 Encoding process for a binary decision before termination (informative) 196 9.3.5.7 Byte stuffing process (informative) 197 10 Sub-bitstream extraction process 198 Annex A Profiles, tiers and levels 199 A.1 Overview of profiles, tiers and levels 199 A.2 Requirements on video decoder capability 199 A.3 Profiles 199 A.3.1 General 199 A.3.2 Main profile 199 A.3.3 Main 10 profile 200 A.3.4 Main Still Picture profile 200 A.4 Tiers and levels 201 A.4.1 General tier and level limits 201 A.4.2 Profile-specific level limits for the Main and Main 10 profiles 202 A.4.3 Effect of level limits on picture rate for the Main and Main 10 profiles (informative) 204 Annex B Byte stream format 208 B.1 General 208 B.2 Byte stream NAL unit syntax and semantics 208 B.2.1 Byte stream NAL unit syntax 208 B.2.2 Byte stream NAL unit semantics 208 B.3 Byte stream NAL unit decoding process 209 B.4 Decoder byte-alignment recovery (informative) 209 Annex C Hypothetical reference decoder 210 C.1 General 210 C.2 Operation of coded picture buffer (CPB) 214 C.2.1 General 214 C.2.2 Timing of decoding unit arrival 214 C.2.3 Timing of decoding unit removal and decoding of decoding unit 216 C.3 Operation of the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 218 C.3.1 General 218 C.3.2 Removal of pictures from the DPB 218 C.3.3 Picture output 219 C.3.4 Current decoded picture marking and storage 220 C.4 Bitstream conformance 220 C.5 Decoder conformance 221 C.5.1 General 221 C.5.2 Operation of the output order DPB 222 C.5.2.1 General 222 C.5.2.2 Output and removal of pictures from the DPB 222 C.5.2.3 Picture decoding, marking, additional bumping, and storage 223 C.5.2.4 "Bumping" process 223 Annex D Supplemental enhancement information 225 D.1 General 225 D.2 SEI payload syntax 226 D.2.1 General SEI message syntax 226 D.2.2 Buffering period SEI message syntax 228 D.2.3 Picture timing SEI message syntax 229 D.2.4 Pan-scan rectangle SEI message syntax 229 D.2.5 Filler payload SEI message syntax 230 D.2.6 User data registered by Rec. ITU-T T.35 SEI message syntax 230 D.2.7 User data unregistered SEI message syntax 230 D.2.8 Recovery point SEI message syntax 230 D.2.9 Scene information SEI message syntax 231 D.2.10 Picture snapshot SEI message syntax 231 D.2.11 Progressive refinement segment start SEI message syntax 231 D.2.12 Progressive refinement segment end SEI message syntax 231 D.2.13 Film grain characteristics SEI message syntax 232 D.2.14 Post-filter hint SEI message syntax 232 D.2.15 Tone mapping information SEI message syntax 233 D.2.16 Frame packing arrangement SEI message syntax 234 D.2.17 Display orientation SEI message syntax 234 D.2.18 Structure of pictures information SEI message syntax 235 D.2.19 Decoded picture hash SEI message syntax 235 D.2.20 Active parameter sets SEI message syntax 235 D.2.21 Decoding unit information SEI message syntax 236 D.2.22 Temporal sub-layer zero index SEI message syntax 236 D.2.23 Scalable nesting SEI message syntax 236 D.2.24 Region refresh information SEI message syntax 237 D.2.25 Reserved SEI message syntax 237 D.3 SEI payload semantics 237 D.3.1 General SEI payload semantics 237 D.3.2 Buffering period SEI message semantics 240 D.3.3 Picture timing SEI message semantics 242 D.3.4 Pan-scan rectangle SEI message semantics 247 D.3.5 Filler payload SEI message semantics 248 D.3.6 User data registered by Rec. ITU-T T.35 SEI message semantics 248 D.3.7 User data unregistered SEI message semantics 248 D.3.8 Recovery point SEI message semantics 248 D.3.9 Scene information SEI message semantics 249 D.3.10 Picture snapshot SEI message semantics 252 D.3.11 Progressive refinement segment start SEI message semantics 252 D.3.12 Progressive refinement segment end SEI message semantics 253 D.3.13 Film grain characteristics SEI message semantics 253 D.3.14 Post-filter hint SEI message semantics 258 D.3.15 Tone mapping information SEI message semantics 259 D.3.16 Frame packing arrangement SEI message semantics 263 D.3.17 Display orientation SEI message semantics 270 D.3.18 Structure of pictures information SEI message semantics 271 D.3.19 Decoded picture hash SEI message semantics 272 D.3.20 Active parameter sets SEI message semantics 273 D.3.21 Decoding unit information SEI message semantics 273 D.3.22 Temporal sub-layer zero index SEI message semantics 275 D.3.23 Scalable nesting SEI message semantics 275 D.3.24 Region refresh information SEI message semantics 276 D.3.25 Reserved SEI message semantics 277 Annex E Video usability information 278 E.1 General 278 E.1 VUI syntax 279 E.1.1 VUI parameters syntax 279 E.1.2 HRD parameters syntax 281 E.1.3 Sub-layer HRD parameters syntax 282 E.2 VUI semantics 282 E.2.1 VUI parameters semantics 282 E.2.2 HRD parameters semantics 294 E.2.3 Sub-layer HRD parameters semantics 296 Bibliography 298
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