The Differences Between BSD and System V Unix

There are dozens of sites and resources describing the differences between BSD and System V Unix.

I am tired of reading 11 of them every few years when I want to remember some of those differences. So I made this page.

the computer tree

The main differences

  1. BSD is considered “university Unix”, or hobbyist Unix, because it
    came out of UC Berkeley in California

  2. System V was considered more commercial

  3. Sun OS was based on BSD, but Sun eventually moved to Solaris, which
    was System V based

  4. SCO and HP-UX were also based on System V

  5. One of the main differences was the location of binaries. System V
    standardized configurations, software installation, and handling
    network programming, which was in line with its corporate focus

  6. System V placed its files in /usr/bin/ and /usr/sbin

  7. BSD placed its files in /bin/ and /sbin/

  8. Another big difference is in startup scripts: BSD used a script in
    /etc/rc to initialize itself and didn’t use runlevels. The /etc/rc
    file is what files were run by init. To avoid having to edit
    /etc/rc, BSD variants supported a site-specific /etc/rc.local file
    that runs near the end of the boot process. Later BSD’s, including
    FreeBSD and beyond, executes scripts out of the /etc/rc.d directory

  9. System V uses what’s now called SysV (Sis Vee) Style Init. SysV
    Style Init uses what are called runlevels, and a SysV system is
    always in exactly one runlevel. These include normal operation,
    single user mode, shutdown, and others. When you switch from one
    runlevel to another a series of scripts are run before and after.

Notes

  1. BSD Unix was developed at UC Berkeley.
  2. System V is pronounced “System Five”, and was developed by AT&T.
  3. Over time, the two types have blended significantly, and modern
    operating systems (such as Linux) tend to have features of both.
  4. There is significant consolidation in the Unix and Linux worlds.
    Expect to see more of this blending as this happens.
  5. One big difference between BSD and Linux is that Linux is a kernel
    while BSD is an operating system. That’s the biggest difference
    between BSD and Linux: Linux is a a collection of little pieces,
    while BSD is one thing.
GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) and BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) are both advanced natural language processing (NLP) models developed by OpenAI and Google respectively. Although they share some similarities, there are key differences between the two models. 1. Pre-training Objective: GPT is pre-trained using a language modeling objective, where the model is trained to predict the next word in a sequence of words. BERT, on the other hand, is trained using a masked language modeling objective. In this approach, some words in the input sequence are masked, and the model is trained to predict these masked words based on the surrounding context. 2. Transformer Architecture: Both GPT and BERT use the transformer architecture, which is a neural network architecture that is specifically designed for processing sequential data like text. However, GPT uses a unidirectional transformer, which means that it processes the input sequence in a forward direction only. BERT, on the other hand, uses a bidirectional transformer, which allows it to process the input sequence in both forward and backward directions. 3. Fine-tuning: Both models can be fine-tuned on specific NLP tasks, such as text classification, question answering, and text generation. However, GPT is better suited for text generation tasks, while BERT is better suited for tasks that require a deep understanding of the context, such as question answering. 4. Training Data: GPT is trained on a massive corpus of text data, such as web pages, books, and news articles. BERT is trained on a similar corpus of text data, but it also includes labeled data from specific NLP tasks, such as the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD). In summary, GPT and BERT are both powerful NLP models, but they have different strengths and weaknesses depending on the task at hand. GPT is better suited for generating coherent and fluent text, while BERT is better suited for tasks that require a deep understanding of the context.
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