网络测量介绍

网络测量主要是通过在实际网络环境中测量研究目前网络运行中存在的问题，并提出解决办法。我们总希望自己的研究能够针对网络中某些重要的协议提出改进，但这比较困难，毕竟研究协议在实际运行环境时存在的问题是从协议诞生之日(通常之前)就一直进行着的，而Internet中重要的协议基本都有10~20年的历史了。

网络测量领域主要分为端到端测量和从网络运行者角度的测量。端到端测量是从网络用户的角度出发来研究，关心端用户使用网络时存在的问题。网络运行者角度的测量主要是从运行商角度研究一个ISP内部网络运行中存在的问题。下面分别就这两种研究途径做展开：

一、端到端测量
1. Vern Paxson's End-to-End Packet and Routing Dynamics
Paxson的博士论文"Measurement and Analysis of End-to-End Internet Dynamics"研究了Internet端到端路由的变化特性和端到端包传输的特性（比如丢包，乱序，Duplicate和延迟)。这是最典型端到端测量的研究。
参考论文：
[1] V. Paxson, Measurements and Analysis of End-to-End Internet Dynamics, (1.8 MB gzip compressed, ~400 pages), Ph.D. dissertation, 1997.
[2] V. Paxson, End-to-End Routing Behavior in the Internet. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol.5, No.5, pp. 601-615, October 1997. An earlier version appeared in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM '96, August 1996, Stanford, CA.
[3] V. Paxson, End-to-End Internet Packet Dynamics, ACM SIGCOMM '97, September 1997, Cannes, France.

2. End-to-End Available Bandwidth
这主要是试图只通过端到端的测量来获得发送端到接收端的瓶颈带宽(bottleneck bandwidth)和可用带宽(available bandwidth).
主要研究人：Constantinos Dovrolis, Manish Jain
参考论文：
[4] M. Jain and C. Dovrolis, End-to-end available bandwidth: measurement methodology, dynamics, and relation with TCP throughput, Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2002 conference, pages 295-308, Pittsburgh, PA
[5] Prasad, R.; Dovrolis, C.; Murray, M.; Claffy, K. Bandwidth estimation: metrics, measurement techniques, and tools, Network, IEEE , Volume: 17 , Issue: 6 , Nov.-Dec. 2003

二、从网络运行者角度出发的网络测量
1. 流量矩阵
流量矩阵是指一个ISP内部两两PoP之间的流量。这个矩阵可以测量得到，但代价较高，所以提出一系列估计的算法。
主要研究人：Anja Feldmann, Yin Zhang, Alberto Medina
[6] A. Feldmann, A. Greenberg, C. Lund, N. Reingold, J. Rexford, and F. True. Deriving Traffic Demands for Operational IP Networks: Methodology and Experience. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, June 2001. (SIGCOMM00是最早的版本)
[7] A. Medina, et al, Traffic Matrix Estimation: Existing Techniques and New Directions, SIGCOMM 2002
[8] Fast Accurate Computation of Large-Scale IP Traffic Matrices from Link Loads, Y. Zhang, M.Roughan, N.G. Duffield, A.Greenberg, ACM Sigmetrics 2003.
[9] A. Gunnar et al, Traffic Matrix Estimation on a Large IP Backbone -- A Comparison on Real Data, Internet Measurement Conference 2004
[10] K. Papagiannaki, A Distributed Approach to Measure IP Traffic Matrices, IMC 04.

2. Netflow Sampling
cisco路由器可以使用netflow工具(juniper也有类似工具)通过包抽样得到经过路由器某端口的流量信息，该信息比snmp全面得多。但由于抽样，结果与实际结果存在差别。于是需要尽量从抽样信息中恢复出真实的情况。
主要研究人：Nick Duffield
[11] Estimating flow distributions from sampled flow statistics, N.G. Duffield, C. Lund, M. Thorup, ACM Sigcomm 2003, Karlsruhe, Germany, August 25-29, 2003.

3. Traffic identification and Classification
从网络运营者的角度出发识别某种特定的流量。
[12] "Transport Layer Identification of P2P Traffic," Thomas Karagiannis, UC Riverside; Andre Broido, CAIDA, SDSC; Michalis Faloutsos, UC Riverside; Kc claffy, CAIDA, SDSC. IMC2004
[13] "Online Identification of Hierarchical Heavy Hitters: Algorithms, Evaluation, and Application," Yin Zhang, AT&T Labs-Research; Sumeet Singh, Univ. of California San Diego; Subhabrata Sen, AT&T Labs-Research; Nick Duffield, AT&T Labs-Research; Carsten Lund, AT&T Labs-Research, IMC2004

另外，网络测量的研究还有许多零星的研究点(参见最新的IMC会议论文集)。

网络测量中比较有影响的论文主要出现在
1. Internet Measurement Conference (http://imconf.net)
2. Sigcomm
3. Passive and Active Measurement(PAM) suggested by zm

以上领域都还是最近几年来新的领域，列举的论文是有一定影响或者代表性的论文。

http://netarchlab.tsinghua.edu.cn/php/newvbb/archive/index.php/t-81.html