检查三个布尔值中是否至少有两个是真的

本文翻译自：Check if at least two out of three booleans are true

An interviewer recently asked me this question: given three boolean variables, a, b, and c, return true if at least two out of the three are true. 一位采访者最近问我这个问题：给定三个布尔变量a，b和c，如果三个中至少有两个为真，则返回true。

My solution follows: 我的解决方案是：

boolean atLeastTwo(boolean a, boolean b, boolean c) {
    if ((a && b) || (b && c) || (a && c)) {
        return true;
    }
    else{
        return false;
    }
}

He said that this can be improved further, but how? 他说这可以进一步改善，但如何？

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#1楼

参考：https://stackoom.com/question/CuEA/检查三个布尔值中是否至少有两个是真的

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#2楼

Rather than writing: 而不是写：

if (someExpression) {
    return true;
} else {
    return false;
}

Write: 写：

return someExpression;

---

As for the expression itself, something like this: 至于表达本身，这样的事情：

boolean atLeastTwo(boolean a, boolean b, boolean c) {
    return a ? (b || c) : (b && c);
}

or this (whichever you find easier to grasp): 或者这个（无论你发现哪个更容易掌握）：

boolean atLeastTwo(boolean a, boolean b, boolean c) {
    return a && (b || c) || (b && c);
}

It tests a and b exactly once, and c at most once. 它只测试a和b一次，最多c次测试一次。

References 参考

• JLS 15.25 Conditional Operator ? JLS 15.25条件运算符？ : ：

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#3楼

Why not implement it literally? 为什么不按字面意思实现呢？ :) :)

(a?1:0)+(b?1:0)+(c?1:0) >= 2

In C you could just write a+b+c >= 2 (or !!a+!!b+!!c >= 2 to be very safe). 在C中你可以写a+b+c >= 2 （或!!a+!!b+!!c >= 2非常安全）。

In response to TofuBeer 's comparison of java bytecode, here is a simple performance test: 为了回应TofuBeer对java字节码的比较，这里有一个简单的性能测试：

class Main
{
    static boolean majorityDEAD(boolean a,boolean b,boolean c)
    {
        return a;
    }

    static boolean majority1(boolean a,boolean b,boolean c)
    {
        return a&&b || b&&c || a&&c;
    }

    static boolean majority2(boolean a,boolean b,boolean c)
    {
        return a ? b||c : b&&c;
    }

    static boolean majority3(boolean a,boolean b,boolean c)
    {
        return a&b | b&c | c&a;
    }

    static boolean majority4(boolean a,boolean b,boolean c)
    {
        return (a?1:0)+(b?1:0)+(c?1:0) >= 2;
    }

    static int loop1(boolean[] data, int i, int sz1, int sz2)
    {
        int sum = 0;
        for(int j=i;j<i+sz1;j++)
        {
            for(int k=j;k<j+sz2;k++)
            {
                sum += majority1(data[i], data[j], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majority1(data[i], data[k], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majority1(data[j], data[k], data[i])?1:0; 
                sum += majority1(data[j], data[i], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majority1(data[k], data[i], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majority1(data[k], data[j], data[i])?1:0; 
            }
        }
        return sum;
    }

    static int loop2(boolean[] data, int i, int sz1, int sz2)
    {
        int sum = 0;
        for(int j=i;j<i+sz1;j++)
        {
            for(int k=j;k<j+sz2;k++)
            {
                sum += majority2(data[i], data[j], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majority2(data[i], data[k], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majority2(data[j], data[k], data[i])?1:0; 
                sum += majority2(data[j], data[i], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majority2(data[k], data[i], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majority2(data[k], data[j], data[i])?1:0; 
            }
        }
        return sum;
    }

    static int loop3(boolean[] data, int i, int sz1, int sz2)
    {
        int sum = 0;
        for(int j=i;j<i+sz1;j++)
        {
            for(int k=j;k<j+sz2;k++)
            {
                sum += majority3(data[i], data[j], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majority3(data[i], data[k], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majority3(data[j], data[k], data[i])?1:0; 
                sum += majority3(data[j], data[i], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majority3(data[k], data[i], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majority3(data[k], data[j], data[i])?1:0; 
            }
        }
        return sum;
    }

    static int loop4(boolean[] data, int i, int sz1, int sz2)
    {
        int sum = 0;
        for(int j=i;j<i+sz1;j++)
        {
            for(int k=j;k<j+sz2;k++)
            {
                sum += majority4(data[i], data[j], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majority4(data[i], data[k], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majority4(data[j], data[k], data[i])?1:0; 
                sum += majority4(data[j], data[i], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majority4(data[k], data[i], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majority4(data[k], data[j], data[i])?1:0; 
            }
        }
        return sum;
    }

    static int loopDEAD(boolean[] data, int i, int sz1, int sz2)
    {
        int sum = 0;
        for(int j=i;j<i+sz1;j++)
        {
            for(int k=j;k<j+sz2;k++)
            {
                sum += majorityDEAD(data[i], data[j], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majorityDEAD(data[i], data[k], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majorityDEAD(data[j], data[k], data[i])?1:0; 
                sum += majorityDEAD(data[j], data[i], data[k])?1:0; 
                sum += majorityDEAD(data[k], data[i], data[j])?1:0; 
                sum += majorityDEAD(data[k], data[j], data[i])?1:0; 
            }
        }
        return sum;
    }

    static void work()
    {
        boolean [] data = new boolean [10000];
        java.util.Random r = new java.util.Random(0);
        for(int i=0;i<data.length;i++)
            data[i] = r.nextInt(2) > 0;
        long t0,t1,t2,t3,t4,tDEAD;
        int sz1 = 100;
        int sz2 = 100;
        int sum = 0;

        t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for(int i=0;i<data.length-sz1-sz2;i++)
            sum += loop1(data, i, sz1, sz2);

        t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for(int i=0;i<data.length-sz1-sz2;i++)
            sum += loop2(data, i, sz1, sz2);

        t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for(int i=0;i<data.length-sz1-sz2;i++)
            sum += loop3(data, i, sz1, sz2);

        t3 = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for(int i=0;i<data.length-sz1-sz2;i++)
            sum += loop4(data, i, sz1, sz2);

        t4 = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for(int i=0;i<data.length-sz1-sz2;i++)
            sum += loopDEAD(data, i, sz1, sz2);

        tDEAD = System.currentTimeMillis();

        System.out.println("a&&b || b&&c || a&&c : " + (t1-t0) + " ms");
        System.out.println("   a ? b||c : b&&c   : " + (t2-t1) + " ms");
        System.out.println("   a&b | b&c | c&a   : " + (t3-t2) + " ms");
        System.out.println("   a + b + c >= 2    : " + (t4-t3) + " ms");
        System.out.println("       DEAD          : " + (tDEAD-t4) + " ms");
        System.out.println("sum: "+sum);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException
    {
        while(true)
        {
            work();
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        }
    }
}

This prints the following on my machine (running Ubuntu on Intel Core 2 + sun java 1.6.0_15-b03 with HotSpot Server VM (14.1-b02, mixed mode)): 这将在我的机器上打印以下内容（使用HotSpot Server VM（14.1-b02，混合模式）在Intel Core 2 + sun java 1.6.0_15-b03上运行Ubuntu）：

First and second iterations: 第一次和第二次迭代：

a&&b || b&&c || a&&c : 1740 ms
   a ? b||c : b&&c   : 1690 ms
   a&b | b&c | c&a   : 835 ms
   a + b + c >= 2    : 348 ms
       DEAD          : 169 ms
sum: 1472612418

Later iterations: 后来的迭代：

a&&b || b&&c || a&&c : 1638 ms
   a ? b||c : b&&c   : 1612 ms
   a&b | b&c | c&a   : 779 ms
   a + b + c >= 2    : 905 ms
       DEAD          : 221 ms

I wonder, what could java VM do that degrades performance over time for (a + b + c >= 2) case. 我想知道，对于（a + b + c> = 2）情况，java VM可以做什么会降低性能随时间的变化。

And here is what happens if I run java with a -client VM switch: 如果我使用-client VM开关运行java会发生什么：

a&&b || b&&c || a&&c : 4034 ms
   a ? b||c : b&&c   : 2215 ms
   a&b | b&c | c&a   : 1347 ms
   a + b + c >= 2    : 6589 ms
       DEAD          : 1016 ms

Mystery... 神秘...

And if I run it in GNU Java Interpreter , it gets almost 100 times slower, but the a&&b || b&&c || a&&c 如果我在GNU Java Interpreter中运行它，它会慢几百倍，但是a&&b || b&&c || a&&c a&&b || b&&c || a&&c a&&b || b&&c || a&&c version wins then. 然后a&&b || b&&c || a&&c版本获胜。

Results from Tofubeer with the latest code running OS X: 使用运行OS X的最新代码从Tofubeer获得的结果：

a&&b || b&&c || a&&c : 1358 ms
   a ? b||c : b&&c   : 1187 ms
   a&b | b&c | c&a   : 410 ms
   a + b + c >= 2    : 602 ms
       DEAD          : 161 ms

Results from Paul Wagland with a Mac Java 1.6.0_26-b03-383-11A511 来自Paul Wagland的Mac Java 1.6.0_26-b03-383-11A511的结果

a&&b || b&&c || a&&c : 394 ms 
   a ? b||c : b&&c   : 435 ms
   a&b | b&c | c&a   : 420 ms
   a + b + c >= 2    : 640 ms
   a ^ b ? c : a     : 571 ms
   a != b ? c : a    : 487 ms
       DEAD          : 170 ms

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#4楼

The most obvious set of improvements are: 最明显的改进是：

// There is no point in an else if you already returned.
boolean atLeastTwo(boolean a, boolean b, boolean c) {
    if ((a && b) || (b && c) || (a && c)) {
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

and then 然后

// There is no point in an if(true) return true otherwise return false.
boolean atLeastTwo(boolean a, boolean b, boolean c) {
    return ((a && b) || (b && c) || (a && c));
}

But those improvements are minor. 但这些改进很小。

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#5楼

You don't need to use the short circuiting forms of the operators. 您不需要使用运算符的短路形式。

return (a & b) | (b & c) | (c & a);

This performs the same number of logic operations as your version, however is completely branchless. 这将执行与您的版本相同数量的逻辑操作，但是完全无分支。

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#6楼

Readability should be the goal. 可读性应该是目标。 Someone who reads the code must understand your intent immediately. 阅读代码的人必须立即理解您的意图。 So here is my solution. 所以这是我的解决方案。

int howManyBooleansAreTrue =
      (a ? 1 : 0)
    + (b ? 1 : 0)
    + (c ? 1 : 0);

return howManyBooleansAreTrue >= 2;