Spring Boot项目中实现单点登录(SSO)完整指南

单点登录(Single Sign-On, SSO)是一种身份验证机制，允许用户使用一组凭证(如用户名和密码)登录多个相关但独立的系统。

一、单点登录的核心原理

SSO的核心原理使集中认证、分散授权，主要流程如下：

1.用户访问应用A

2.应用A检查本地会话，发现未登录

3.重定向到SSO认证中心

4.用户在认证中心登录

5.认证中心创建全局会话，并颁发令牌

6.用户携带令牌返回应用A

7.应用A向认证中心验证令牌

8.认证中心返回用户信息，应用A创建本地会话

9.用户访问应用B时重复2-8流程(但无需重复登录)

二、Spring Boot实现SSO的三种主流方案

方案1：基于OAuth2的实现(推荐)

1.添加依赖

<!-- Spring Security OAuth2 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-oauth2-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-oauth2-resource-server</artifactId>
</dependency>

2.认证中心配置

@Configuration
@EnableAuthorizationServer
public class AuthServerConfig extends AuthorizationServerConfigurerAdapter {
    
    @Override
    public void configure(ClientDetailsServiceConfigurer clients) throws Exception {
        clients.inMemory()
            .withClient("client1")
            .secret(passwordEncoder().encode("secret1"))
            .authorizedGrantTypes("authorization_code", "refresh_token")
            .scopes("read", "write")
            .redirectUris("http://localhost:8081/login/oauth2/code/client1")
            .autoApprove(true);
    }
    
    @Bean
    public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
        return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
    }
}

3.资源服务配置

@Configuration
@EnableResourceServer
public class ResourceServerConfig extends ResourceServerConfigurerAdapter {
    
    @Override
    public void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http
            .authorizeRequests()
            .antMatchers("/api/**").authenticated()
            .anyRequest().permitAll();
    }
}

4.客户端应用配置

# application.yml
spring:
  security:
    oauth2:
      client:
        registration:
          sso:
            client-id: client1
            client-secret: secret1
            authorization-grant-type: authorization_code
            redirect-uri: "{baseUrl}/login/oauth2/code/{registrationId}"
            scope: read,write
        provider:
          sso:
            issuer-uri: http://localhost:8080

方案2：基于JWT实现

1.添加依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
    <artifactId>jjwt</artifactId>
    <version>0.9.1</version>
</dependency>

2.JWT工具类

public class JwtTokenUtil {
    
    private static final String SECRET = "your-secret-key";
    private static final long EXPIRATION = 86400000; // 24小时
    
    public static String generateToken(UserDetails userDetails) {
        return Jwts.builder()
            .setSubject(userDetails.getUsername())
            .setIssuedAt(new Date())
            .setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + EXPIRATION))
            .signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS512, SECRET)
            .compact();
    }
    
    public static String getUsernameFromToken(String token) {
        return Jwts.parser()
            .setSigningKey(SECRET)
            .parseClaimsJws(token)
            .getBody()
            .getSubject();
    }
}

3.认证过滤器

public class JwtAuthenticationFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
    
    @Override
    protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, 
                                  HttpServletResponse response, 
                                  FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
        String token = resolveToken(request);
        
        if (token != null && validateToken(token)) {
            String username = JwtTokenUtil.getUsernameFromToken(token);
            UserDetails userDetails = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(username);
            
            UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authentication = 
                new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(userDetails, null, userDetails.getAuthorities());
            authentication.setDetails(new WebAuthenticationDetailsSource().buildDetails(request));
            
            SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authentication);
        }
        
        chain.doFilter(request, response);
    }
    
    private String resolveToken(HttpServletRequest request) {
        String bearerToken = request.getHeader("Authorization");
        if (StringUtils.hasText(bearerToken) && bearerToken.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
            return bearerToken.substring(7);
        }
        return null;
    }
}

方案3：基于CAS实现

1.添加CAS客户端依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.jasig.cas.client</groupId>
    <artifactId>cas-client-support-springboot</artifactId>
    <version>3.6.4</version>
</dependency>

2.CAS配置

@Configuration
public class CasConfig {
    
    @Value("${cas.server.url}")
    private String casServerUrl;
    
    @Value("${cas.service.url}")
    private String serviceUrl;
    
    @Bean
    public FilterRegistrationBean<AuthenticationFilter> casAuthenticationFilter() {
        FilterRegistrationBean<AuthenticationFilter> registration = new FilterRegistrationBean<>();
        registration.setFilter(new AuthenticationFilter());
        registration.addInitParameter("casServerLoginUrl", casServerUrl + "/login");
        registration.addInitParameter("serverName", serviceUrl);
        registration.addUrlPatterns("/*");
        return registration;
    }
    
    @Bean
    public ServletListenerRegistrationBean<SingleSignOutHttpSessionListener> casSingleSignOutListener() {
        return new ServletListenerRegistrationBean<>(new SingleSignOutHttpSessionListener());
    }
}

三、SSO实现的关键技术点

1.会话管理

• 分布式会话：使用Redis存储会话信息

  @Bean
  public RedisIndexedSessionRepository sessionRepository(RedisOperations<String, Object> redisOperations) {
      return new RedisIndexedSessionRepository(redisOperations);
  }
  

• Session共享配置

  spring:
    session:
      store-type: redis
      redis:
        flush-mode: on_save
        namespace: spring:session
  

2.跨域问题解决

@Configuration
public class CorsConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
    
    @Override
    public void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) {
        registry.addMapping("/**")
            .allowedOrigins("*")
            .allowedMethods("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE")
            .allowedHeaders("*")
            .allowCredentials(true)
            .maxAge(3600);
    }
}

3.安全配置

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
    
    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http
            .csrf().disable()
            .authorizeRequests()
            .antMatchers("/login", "/oauth/**").permitAll()
            .anyRequest().authenticated()
            .and()
            .formLogin()
            .loginPage("/login")
            .and()
            .logout()
            .logoutUrl("/logout")
            .logoutSuccessUrl("/")
            .invalidateHttpSession(true)
            .deleteCookies("JSESSIONID");
    }
}

四、SSO实现的最佳实践

1.安全性考虑：

• 使用HTTPS加密所有通信
• 实现令牌的短期有效性(设置合理的过期时间)
• 防范CSRF攻击

2.性能优化：

• 使用缓存减少令牌验证的数据库查询
• 实现令牌的自动续期机制

3.用户体验：

• 实现无缝跳转，避免多次重定向
• 提供清晰的登录状态提示

4.监控与日志

• 记录所有认证事件
• 实现异常登录的告警机制

五、三种SSO方案对比

方案	优点	缺点	适用场景
OAuth2	标准协议，安全性高，扩展性强	实现复杂度较高	企业级应用，多平台集成
JWT	无状态，性能好，适合分布式系统	令牌无法主动失效	微服务架构，前后端分离
CAS	专为SSO设计，功能完善	需要额外部署CAS服务器	传统企业应用，教育系统

六、常见问题解决方案

1.令牌失效问题

• 实现令牌刷新机制
• 使用Redis黑名单管理已注销令牌

2.跨域会话问题

• 设置正确的Cookie域和路径

  @Bean
  public CookieSerializer cookieSerializer() {
      DefaultCookieSerializer serializer = new DefaultCookieSerializer();
      serializer.setCookieName("JSESSIONID");
      serializer.setCookiePath("/");
      serializer.setDomainNamePattern("^.+?\\.(\\w+\\.[a-z]+)$");
      return serializer;
  }
  

3.多因素认证集成

@Override
protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
    http
        .authorizeRequests()
        .antMatchers("/login").permitAll()
        .antMatchers("/mfa-verify").hasRole("PRE_AUTH")
        .anyRequest().fullyAuthenticated()
        .and()
        .formLogin()
        .loginPage("/login")
        .successHandler((request, response, authentication) -> {
            if (needsMfa(authentication)) {
                response.sendRedirect("/mfa-verify");
            } else {
                response.sendRedirect("/home");
            }
        });
}