系统菜单
1 执行系统提供的窗口命令，例如最大化、关闭等命令。本质上和普通菜单一样，所以我们也可以在程序中使用这个菜单。
2 系统菜单的使用2.1 获取系统菜单
GetSystemMenu
HMENU GetSystemMenu(
HWND hWnd, //要获取的窗口句柄
BOOL bRevert //获取时重置标示
);
bRevert: TRUE 重置 FLASE 不重置
当Revert为TRUE时，会将菜单重新置成默认
的状态，并返回菜单句柄。如果为FALSE，
菜单项不重置，获取到当前系统菜单的状态。
2.2 修改系统菜单，例如增加、删除
2.2.1 AppednMenu
2.2.2 InsertMenu
比AppednMenu增加了一个插入菜单项的位置或ID。
2.2.3 删除菜单项
BOOL RemoveMenu( //
HMENU hMenu, //菜单句柄
UINT uPosition,//菜单项的位置或ID
UINT uFlags );//菜单项的位置或ID的标示。
uFlags为MF_BYCOMMAND， uPosition为菜单ID
uFlags为MF_BYPOSITION，uPosition为菜单位置
2.3 系统菜单的命令响应
系统菜单的命令响应，是在WM_SYSCOMMAND中。
WPARAM - LOWORD(wParam)为增加的菜单的ID
int nID = LOWORD( wParam );
switch( nID )
{
case 1001:
//...
break;
}
// SysMenu.cpp : Defines the entry point for the application.
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "stdio.h"
HINSTANCE g_hInst = NULL;
HANDLE g_hStdOut = NULL;
void OnCreate( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{ // 获取系统菜单
HMENU hSysMenu =
GetSystemMenu( hWnd, FALSE );
// 删除菜单项
RemoveMenu( hSysMenu, 0, MF_BYPOSITION );
RemoveMenu( hSysMenu, 0, MF_BYPOSITION );
RemoveMenu( hSysMenu, 0, MF_BYPOSITION );
RemoveMenu( hSysMenu, 0, MF_BYPOSITION );
RemoveMenu( hSysMenu, 0, MF_BYPOSITION );
// 增加菜单项
InsertMenu( hSysMenu, 0, MF_BYPOSITION|MF_STRING,
1001, "测试1" );
InsertMenu( hSysMenu, 1, MF_BYPOSITION|MF_STRING,
1002, "测试2" );
}
void OnSysCommand( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{
CHAR szText[260] = { 0 };
sprintf( szText,
"OnSysCommand: WPARAM=%08X,LPARAM=%08X\n",
wParam, lParam );
WriteConsole( g_hStdOut, szText,
strlen(szText), NULL, NULL );
int nID = LOWORD( wParam );
switch( nID )
{
case 1001:
MessageBox( NULL, "Hello 1001",
"SysMenu", MB_OK );
break;
case 1002:
MessageBox( NULL, "Hello 1002",
"SysMenu", MB_OK );
break;
}
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd,
UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam )
{
switch( nMsg )
{
case WM_CREATE:
OnCreate( hWnd, nMsg, wParam, lParam );
break;
case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
OnSysCommand( hWnd, nMsg, wParam, lParam );
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage( 0 );
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc( hWnd, nMsg,
wParam, lParam );
}
BOOL RegisterWnd( LPSTR pszClassName )
{
WNDCLASSEX wce = { 0 };
wce.cbSize = sizeof( wce );
wce.cbClsExtra = 0;
wce.cbWndExtra = 0;
wce.hbrBackground = HBRUSH(COLOR_WINDOW);
wce.hCursor = NULL;
wce.hIcon = NULL;
wce.hIconSm = NULL;
wce.hInstance = g_hInst;
wce.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wce.lpszClassName = pszClassName;
wce.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wce.style = CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW;
ATOM nAtom = RegisterClassEx( &wce );
if( 0 == nAtom )
{
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}
HWND CreateWnd( LPSTR pszClassName )
{
HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx( 0,
pszClassName, "MyWnd",
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, NULL, g_hInst,
NULL );
return hWnd;
}
void DisplayWnd( HWND hWnd )
{
ShowWindow( hWnd, SW_SHOW );
UpdateWindow( hWnd );
}
void Message( )
{
MSG msg = { 0 };
while( GetMessage( &msg, NULL, 0, 0 ) )
{
TranslateMessage( &msg );
DispatchMessage( &msg );
}
}
void NewConsole( )
{
AllocConsole( );
g_hStdOut =
GetStdHandle( STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE );
}
int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow)
{
NewConsole( );
g_hInst = hInstance;
RegisterWnd( "MYWND" );
HWND hWnd = CreateWnd( "MYWND" );
DisplayWnd( hWnd );
Message( );
return 0;
}右键菜单
1 右键菜单当在窗口点击鼠标右键时，弹出的菜单。
2 右键菜单的使用
2.1 创建菜单
CreatePopupMenu
2.2 菜单增加
AppendMenu
2.3 菜单的显示
BOOL TrackPopupMenu(
HMENU hMenu, //显示的菜单句柄
UINT uFlags, //显示的方式
int x, //菜单的X屏幕坐标
int y, //菜单的Y屏幕坐标
int nReserved, //保留,必须为0
HWND hWnd, //处理菜单命令的窗口句柄
CONST RECT *prcRect ); //忽略
2.4 菜单的命令处理
WM_COMMAND
2.5 使用右键菜单的位置
2.5.1 WM_RBUTTONUP 消息
在WM_RBUTTONUP中,添加菜单的创建及显示,右键消息坐标,转换成屏幕坐标使用.
ClientToScreen.
2.5.2 WM_CONTEXTMENU 消息
用于显示右键的菜单的消息.
WPARAM - 右键抬起时对应窗口句柄
LPARAM - 右键抬起时鼠标的屏幕坐标位置
LOWORD(lParam) - X屏幕坐标
HIWORD(lParam) - Y屏幕坐标
2.5.3 WM_RBUTTONUP和WM_CONTEXTMENU对比
1) 坐标系不同, WM_RBUTTONUP客户区坐标
WM_CONTEXTMENU屏幕坐标
2) 先有WM_RBUTTONUP消息,
后有WM_CONTEXTMENU消息
// PopMenu.cpp : Defines the entry point for the application.
//
#include "stdafx.h"
HINSTANCE g_hInst = NULL;
void OnRButtonUp( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{ // 创建弹出式菜单
HMENU hPopMenu = CreatePopupMenu( );
// 增加菜单项
AppendMenu( hPopMenu, MF_STRING, 1001, "测试1");
AppendMenu( hPopMenu, MF_SEPARATOR, 0, NULL );
AppendMenu( hPopMenu, MF_STRING, 1002, "退出");
// 获取菜单位置
POINT point = { 0 };
point.x = LOWORD( lParam );
point.y = HIWORD( lParam );
ClientToScreen( hWnd, &point );
// 显示菜单
TrackPopupMenu( hPopMenu, TPM_LEFTALIGN,
point.x, point.y, 0, hWnd, NULL );
}
void OnContextMenu( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{ // 创建弹出式菜单
HMENU hPopMenu = CreatePopupMenu( );
// 增加菜单项
AppendMenu( hPopMenu, MF_STRING, 1001, "测试2");
AppendMenu( hPopMenu, MF_SEPARATOR, 0, NULL );
AppendMenu( hPopMenu, MF_STRING, 1002, "退出");
// 坐标获取
int nX = LOWORD( lParam );
int nY = HIWORD( lParam );
// 显示菜单
TrackPopupMenu( hPopMenu, TPM_LEFTALIGN,
nX, nY, 0, hWnd, NULL );
// 删除菜单
DestroyMenu( hPopMenu );
}
void OnCommand( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{
int nCmdID = LOWORD( wParam );
switch( nCmdID )
{
case 1001:
MessageBox( NULL, "Hello Popmenu",
"PopMenu", MB_OK );
break;
case 1002:
PostQuitMessage( 0 );
break;
}
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd,
UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam )
{
switch( nMsg )
{
case WM_RBUTTONUP:
//OnRButtonUp( hWnd, nMsg, wParam, lParam );
break;
case WM_CONTEXTMENU:
OnContextMenu( hWnd, nMsg, wParam, lParam );
break;
case WM_COMMAND:
OnCommand( hWnd, nMsg, wParam, lParam );
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage( 0 );
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc( hWnd, nMsg,
wParam, lParam );
}
BOOL RegisterWnd( LPSTR pszClassName )
{
WNDCLASSEX wce = { 0 };
wce.cbSize = sizeof( wce );
wce.cbClsExtra = 0;
wce.cbWndExtra = 0;
wce.hbrBackground = HBRUSH(COLOR_WINDOW);
wce.hCursor = NULL;
wce.hIcon = NULL;
wce.hIconSm = NULL;
wce.hInstance = g_hInst;
wce.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wce.lpszClassName = pszClassName;
wce.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wce.style = CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW;
ATOM nAtom = RegisterClassEx( &wce );
if( 0 == nAtom )
{
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}
HWND CreateWnd( LPSTR pszClassName )
{
HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx( 0,
pszClassName, "MyWnd",
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, NULL, g_hInst,
NULL );
return hWnd;
}
void DisplayWnd( HWND hWnd )
{
ShowWindow( hWnd, SW_SHOW );
UpdateWindow( hWnd );
}
void Message( )
{
MSG msg = { 0 };
while( GetMessage( &msg, NULL, 0, 0 ) )
{
TranslateMessage( &msg );
DispatchMessage( &msg );
}
}
int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow)
{
g_hInst = hInstance;
RegisterWnd( "MYWND" );
HWND hWnd = CreateWnd( "MYWND" );
DisplayWnd( hWnd );
Message( );
return 0;
}资源的使用
1 资源文件
图标、光标、字符串、菜单、加速键和对话框资源,位图资源等等。
资源脚本文件 - 扩展名为RC文件。定义了资源和相关文件等等信息。
资源编译器 - RC.exe
2 图标资源ICON
2.1 常用的几种大小: 16X16, 32X32,48X48
2.2 使用
HICON LoadIcon(
HINSTANCE hInstance, //应用程序的句柄
LPCTSTR lpIconName );//图标的ID字符串
2.3 系统提供的图标
hInstance为空, lpIconName为定义的系统图标.
2.4 自己绘制的图表
hInstance为图标所在的应用程序的实例句柄
2.5 注意点：
一个图标文件中,可以包含多种大小、颜色不同的图标，系统使用图标时，通过大小来匹配，如果未找到大小完全一致的，那么会使用大小最接近的图标格式替换。
3 光标资源
3.1 光标资源
热点 Hotspot - 可以产生鼠标点击的位置
3.2 使用
HCURSOR LoadCursor(
HINSTANCE hInstance, //应用程序实例句柄
LPCTSTR lpCursorName); //光标的ID
3.3 系统的光标
hInstance为空，lpCursorName指定为系统的光标即可获得
3.4 自绘制的光标
hInstance不能为空。
3.5 WM_SETCURSOR消息
当鼠标在窗口内就会产生。可以在程序执行的过程中修改鼠标样式。
wParam - 窗口句柄;
LOWORD(lParam) - 所在位置的标识
HIWORD(lParam) - 鼠标的消息ID
SetCursour 设置当前窗口的光标
// WinRes.cpp : Defines the entry point for the application.
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "resource.h"
HINSTANCE g_hInst = NULL;
BOOL OnSetCursor( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{ //判断是否是位于客户区之上
int nHitTest = LOWORD( lParam );
if( HTCLIENT != nHitTest )
{ //不在客户区，返回FALSE，
//让DefWindowProc处理
return FALSE;
}
//获得窗口的客户区
RECT rcClient = { 0 };
GetClientRect( hWnd, &rcClient );
//获得当前光标的位置
POINT ptPos = { 0 };
GetCursorPos( &ptPos );
ScreenToClient( hWnd, &ptPos );
//根据位置加载光标
HCURSOR hCursor = NULL;
if( ptPos.x < rcClient.right/2 )
{
if( ptPos.y < rcClient.bottom/2 )
{
hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_SIZEALL );
}
else
{
hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_CROSS );
}
}
else
{
if( ptPos.y < rcClient.bottom/2 )
{
hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_WAIT );
}
else
{
hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_UPARROW );
}
}
// 设置光标
SetCursor( hCursor );
return TRUE;
}
void OnCommand( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{
int nCmdID = LOWORD( wParam );
switch( nCmdID )
{
case ID_EXIT:
PostQuitMessage( 0 );
break;
case ID_ABOUT:
break;
}
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd,
UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam )
{
switch( nMsg )
{
case WM_COMMAND:
OnCommand( hWnd, nMsg, wParam, lParam );
break;
case WM_SETCURSOR:
if( TRUE == OnSetCursor( hWnd, nMsg,
wParam, lParam ) )
{
return 0;
}
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage( 0 );
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc( hWnd, nMsg,
wParam, lParam );
}
BOOL RegisterWnd( LPSTR pszClassName )
{
WNDCLASSEX wce = { 0 };
wce.cbSize = sizeof( wce );
wce.cbClsExtra = 0;
wce.cbWndExtra = 0;
wce.hbrBackground = HBRUSH(COLOR_WINDOW);
wce.hCursor =
LoadCursor( g_hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_CURSOR1) );
wce.hIcon =
LoadIcon( g_hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_MAIN) );
wce.hIconSm = NULL;
wce.hInstance = g_hInst;
wce.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wce.lpszClassName = pszClassName;
wce.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wce.style = CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW;
ATOM nAtom = RegisterClassEx( &wce );
if( 0 == nAtom )
{
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}
HWND CreateWnd( LPSTR pszClassName )
{
//加载字符串资源
CHAR szText[260] = { 0 };
LoadString( g_hInst, IDS_MAIN, szText, 260 );
//加载菜单
HMENU hMenu = LoadMenu( g_hInst,
MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDR_MAIN) );
//创建窗口
HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx( 0,
pszClassName, szText,
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, hMenu, g_hInst,
NULL );
return hWnd;
}
void DisplayWnd( HWND hWnd )
{
ShowWindow( hWnd, SW_SHOW );
UpdateWindow( hWnd );
}
void Message( )
{
MSG msg = { 0 };
while( GetMessage( &msg, NULL, 0, 0 ) )
{
TranslateMessage( &msg );
DispatchMessage( &msg );
}
}
int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow)
{
g_hInst = hInstance;
RegisterWnd( "MYWND" );
HWND hWnd = CreateWnd( "MYWND" );
DisplayWnd( hWnd );
Message( );
return 0;
}字符串资源
4.1 包含字符串的资源
4.2 使用
int LoadString(
HINSTANCE hInstance,//程序句柄
UINT uID, //字符串资源的ID
LPTSTR lpBuffer, //存放字符串的BUFF
int nBufferMax ); //BUFF的大小
返回获取字符串的长度
菜单资源
5.1 添加菜单资源
5.2 加载菜单资源
HMENU LoadMenu(
HINSTANCE hInstance, //应用程序句柄
LPCTSTR lpMenuName );//菜单ID字符串
返回加载成功的菜单的句柄
5.3 命令处理
使用添加的菜单ID的宏,在WM_COMMAND消息
中,处理菜单命令.
加速键资源
6.1 加速键的作用（也叫快捷键）
可以使用加速键执行命令. 例如Ctrl+S存盘.
6.2 加速键资源的添加
6.3 加速键的使用
6.3.1 加载
HACCEL LoadAccelerators(
HINSTANCE hInstance,//资源所在的应用程序句柄
LPCTSTR lpTableName ); //加速键表的ID字符串
加载成功返回加速键表的句柄
6.3.2 增加消息处理
int TranslateAccelerator(
HWND hWnd, //处理加速键的窗口句柄
HACCEL hAccTable, //加速键表
LPMSG lpMsg );//MSG结构的地址
6.4 关于加速键的消息
TranslateAccelerator的作用是将WM_KEYDOWN
或者WM_SYSKEYDOWN消息,翻译成WM_COMMAND
或者WM_SYSCOMMAND消息.
当收到KEYDOWN或者SYSKEYDOWN的消息时,会根据
加速键表中按键和命令ID对应关系,找到相应的
命令ID,然后调用窗口处理函数,执行WM_COMMAND
或者WM_SYSCOMMAND消息.
当找到对应命令ID并执行后，TranslateAccelerator
返回非零，那么就不再执行后续的处理，消息
循环等候下一条消息。否则，继续让消息循环中
的TansnlateMessage和DispatchMessage处理。
// WinRes.cpp : Defines the entry point for the application.
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "resource.h"
HINSTANCE g_hInst = NULL;
BOOL OnSetCursor( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{ //判断是否是位于客户区之上
int nHitTest = LOWORD( lParam );
if( HTCLIENT != nHitTest )
{ //不在客户区，返回FALSE，
//让DefWindowProc处理
return FALSE;
}
//获得窗口的客户区
RECT rcClient = { 0 };
GetClientRect( hWnd, &rcClient );
//获得当前光标的位置
POINT ptPos = { 0 };
GetCursorPos( &ptPos );
ScreenToClient( hWnd, &ptPos );
//根据位置加载光标
HCURSOR hCursor = NULL;
if( ptPos.x < rcClient.right/2 )
{
if( ptPos.y < rcClient.bottom/2 )
{
hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_SIZEALL );
}
else
{
hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_CROSS );
}
}
else
{
if( ptPos.y < rcClient.bottom/2 )
{
hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_WAIT );
}
else
{
hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_UPARROW );
}
}
// 设置光标
SetCursor( hCursor );
return TRUE;
}
void OnCommand( HWND hWnd, UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{
int nCmdID = LOWORD( wParam );
switch( nCmdID )
{
case ID_EXIT:
PostQuitMessage( 0 );
break;
case ID_ABOUT:
break;
}
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd,
UINT nMsg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam )
{
switch( nMsg )
{
case WM_COMMAND:
OnCommand( hWnd, nMsg, wParam, lParam );
break;
case WM_SETCURSOR:
if( TRUE == OnSetCursor( hWnd, nMsg,
wParam, lParam ) )
{
return 0;
}
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage( 0 );
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc( hWnd, nMsg,
wParam, lParam );
}
BOOL RegisterWnd( LPSTR pszClassName )
{
WNDCLASSEX wce = { 0 };
wce.cbSize = sizeof( wce );
wce.cbClsExtra = 0;
wce.cbWndExtra = 0;
wce.hbrBackground = HBRUSH(COLOR_WINDOW);
wce.hCursor =
LoadCursor( g_hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_CURSOR1) );
wce.hIcon =
LoadIcon( g_hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_MAIN) );
wce.hIconSm = NULL;
wce.hInstance = g_hInst;
wce.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wce.lpszClassName = pszClassName;
wce.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wce.style = CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW;
ATOM nAtom = RegisterClassEx( &wce );
if( 0 == nAtom )
{
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}
HWND CreateWnd( LPSTR pszClassName )
{
//加载字符串资源
CHAR szText[260] = { 0 };
LoadString( g_hInst, IDS_MAIN, szText, 260 );
//加载菜单
HMENU hMenu = LoadMenu( g_hInst,
MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDR_MAIN) );
//创建窗口
HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx( 0,
pszClassName, szText,
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, hMenu, g_hInst,
NULL );
return hWnd;
}
void DisplayWnd( HWND hWnd )
{
ShowWindow( hWnd, SW_SHOW );
UpdateWindow( hWnd );
}
void Message( HWND hWnd )
{
//加载加速键表
HACCEL hAccel = LoadAccelerators(
g_hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDR_ACCEL) );
//消息循环
MSG msg = { 0 };
while( GetMessage( &msg, NULL, 0, 0 ) )
{ // 增加加速键的消息处理
if( !TranslateAccelerator( hWnd, hAccel, &msg ) )
{ //字符消息处理
TranslateMessage( &msg );
//消息派发
DispatchMessage( &msg );
}
}
}
int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow)
{
g_hInst = hInstance;
RegisterWnd( "MYWND" );
HWND hWnd = CreateWnd( "MYWND" );
DisplayWnd( hWnd );
Message( hWnd );
return 0;
}
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