参考
根据这篇文章来做的,我的实验失败了:Tornado 异步笔记:异步任务
前言
目前用到的都是同步请求。当遇到查数据库等耗时操作的时候,请求会一直被阻塞。
实验
我们使用sql语句cmds = "select sleep(1)"
来模拟长时间的数据库查询。
使用siege做压测。
另外,还可以用ab压测:
ab -c 10 -n 10 http://10.9.40.173:8888/asynctask?t=1
同步 V.S. Tornado-MySQL异步
只贴出handler部分的代码。
其中IndexHandler为同步请求,路由为‘/’
AsynHandler为异步请求,路由为‘/asyn’
cmds = "select sleep(1)"
MYSQL_POOL = pools.Pool(dict(host=host, port=port, user=usr, passwd=passwd, db=db) ,
max_idle_connections=5, max_open_connections=10)
class IndexHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
conn = MySQLdb.connect(host, usr, passwd, db, port)
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(cmds)
rep = cur.fetchall()
self.write({'res': rep})
class AsynHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@tornado.web.asynchronous
@tornado.gen.coroutine
def get(self):
cur = yield MYSQL_POOL.execute(cmds)
self.write({'res': cur.fetchall()})
self.finish()
在同步的情况下,浏览器发起请求后会被阻塞,一直等到上一条查询完了,才能接受下一个请求。假设数据库请求耗时1s,同时发起调用的话,第1个请求会在大概1s后得到响应,第2个请求会在大概2s后得到响应。。。
在异步的情况下,则不需要等待数据库查询结束,可以在得到结果前接收下一个请求。假设数据库请求耗时1s,同时发起调用的话,理想情况下所有请求都会在1s后得到响应。
我们参照官网使用工具siege进行测试
模拟10个用户同时发出1次请求:
同步请求的测试结果是:
siege 10.9.40.173:8888 -c10 -r1
** SIEGE 3.0.8
** Preparing 10 concurrent users for battle.
The server is now under siege.. done.
Transactions: 10 hits
Availability: 100.00 %
Elapsed time: 10.06 secs
Data transferred: 0.00 MB
Response time: 5.12 secs
Transaction rate: 0.99 trans/sec
Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec
Concurrency: 5.09
Successful transactions: 10
Failed transactions: 0
Longest transaction: 10.05
Shortest transaction: 1.00
总共用时10.06 secs,平均响应时间是5.12 secs,跟我们预想的一样,最快的响应是1 secs(第一个请求),最慢的响应是10 secs(最后一个请求)。平均耗时大概是(1+2+3+…+10)/10=5.5 secs
而异步请求的测试结果是:
siege 10.9.40.173:8888/asyn -c10 -r1
** SIEGE 3.0.8
** Preparing 10 concurrent users for battle.
The server is now under siege.. done.
Transactions: 10 hits
Availability: 100.00 %
Elapsed time: 2.04 secs
Data transferred: 0.00 MB
Response time: 1.03 secs
Transaction rate: 4.90 trans/sec
Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec
Concurrency: 5.04
Successful transactions: 10
Failed transactions: 0
Longest transaction: 1.06
Shortest transaction: 1.01
总共用时2.04 secs,平均响应时间是1.03 secs,达到了异步请求的理论速度。最快的响应是1.01 secs,最慢的响应也才1.06 secs。
不需要返回结果的异步请求
class AsynPingNoResHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@tornado.web.asynchronous
@tornado.gen.coroutine
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_timeout(1, callback=functools.partial(self.ping, 'www.baidu.co$
# do something others
self.finish('It works')
@tornado.gen.coroutine
def ping(self, url):
os.system("ping -c 2 {}".format(url))
return 'after'
需要返回结果的异步请求
再来一个利用tornado.gen.coroutine
的例子,我参考伯乐在线的文章做的实验,但是没有得到文章的结果:
class AsyncTaskHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@tornado.web.asynchronous
@tornado.gen.coroutine
def get(self):
t = self.get_argument('t')
response = yield tornado.gen.Task(self.query, t)
#print 'response', response
self.write({'res': response})
self.finish()
@tornado.gen.coroutine
def query(self, t):
conn = MySQLdb.connect(host, usr, passwd, db, port)
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute(cmdsn % t)
rep = cur.fetchall()
return rep
这个代码的测试结果是:
siege 10.9.40.173:8888/asynctask?t=1 -c10 -r1
** SIEGE 3.0.8
** Preparing 10 concurrent users for battle.
The server is now under siege.. done.
Transactions: 10 hits
Availability: 100.00 %
Elapsed time: 10.07 secs
Data transferred: 0.00 MB
Response time: 9.45 secs
Transaction rate: 0.99 trans/sec
Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec
Concurrency: 9.39
Successful transactions: 10
Failed transactions: 0
Longest transaction: 10.06
Shortest transaction: 9.05
不知道为啥,这种代码的表现是,10个并发全部查询完才有一次性返回。可以说这个代码根本没有达到异步的效果。甚至比同步还差!
同步是1s的时候返回第1个请求,2s的时候返回第2个请求…
这种方式,在最后第10s的时候一次性返回10个请求,每个请求的响应时间都是10s。求高手指点一下这是为啥。
伯乐在线的文章的作者解释:
使用 yield task的方式,准确来说是协程。只是在网络IO中tornado的主线程不至于被 handler里的代码 block,单个handler还是被网络耗时任务所block的。如果并发连接比较小的情况下,很有可能其性能还不如同步的写法好。
具体以你自己的测试结果为准吧,在底层上,tornado这样的做法在IO层面上是异步的。
个人认为,使用协程跳到另一个函数去执行ping/sql操作,就阻塞在另一个函数里了,只是没有阻塞在handler的get中,对于整个程序而言,那还是被block了。。
fetch
如果tornado.gen.coroutine
如此不堪的话,那它还有什么用?参照官网的例子,官网例子是用来fetch的。
同步fetch
class OfficialSynHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
print '# in get', datetime.datetime.now()
client = tornado.httpclient.HTTPClient()
response = client.fetch("http://www.csdn.net/")
print 'response', response
self.write('ok')
siege测试结果
siege 10.9.40.173:8888/officialsyn -c10 -r1
** SIEGE 3.0.8
** Preparing 10 concurrent users for battle.
The server is now under siege.. done.
Transactions: 10 hits
Availability: 100.00 %
Elapsed time: 2.05 secs
Data transferred: 0.00 MB
Response time: 0.51 secs
Transaction rate: 4.88 trans/sec
Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec
Concurrency: 2.47
Successful transactions: 10
Failed transactions: 0
Longest transaction: 1.03
Shortest transaction: 0.15
ab压测
Document Path: /officialsyn/
Document Length: 306 bytes
Concurrency Level: 10
Time taken for tests: 0.016 seconds
Complete requests: 10
Failed requests: 0
Non-2xx responses: 10
Total transferred: 4450 bytes
HTML transferred: 3060 bytes
Requests per second: 626.25 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 15.968 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 1.597 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 272.15 [Kbytes/sec] received
异步fetch
class OfficialAsynHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@tornado.gen.coroutine
def get(self):
print '# in get', datetime.datetime.now()
client = tornado.httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
response = yield tornado.gen.Task(client.fetch, "www.csdn.net")
print 'response', response
self.write('ok')
siege测试结果
siege 10.9.40.173:8888/officialasyn -c10 -r1
** SIEGE 3.0.8
** Preparing 10 concurrent users for battle.
The server is now under siege.. done.
Transactions: 10 hits
Availability: 100.00 %
Elapsed time: 1.03 secs
Data transferred: 0.00 MB
Response time: 0.01 secs
Transaction rate: 9.71 trans/sec
Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec
Concurrency: 0.06
Successful transactions: 10
Failed transactions: 0
Longest transaction: 0.02
Shortest transaction: 0.00
ab压测
Document Path: /officialasyn/
Document Length: 306 bytes
Concurrency Level: 10
Time taken for tests: 0.016 seconds
Complete requests: 10
Failed requests: 0
Non-2xx responses: 10
Total transferred: 4450 bytes
HTML transferred: 3060 bytes
Requests per second: 640.78 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 15.606 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 1.561 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 278.46 [Kbytes/sec] received
可见,使用异步fetch的话每个请求都响应得比较快,平均响应时间短。
个人总结
如果要在tornado中实现非阻塞的mysql查询,不要自己折腾去写yield/coroutine/gen这些异步模块,直接用Tornado-MySQL就好了。还有可以考虑用celery等任务队列。
如果是不需要返回结果的异步操作,通过tornado的IO循环,把可以把耗时的任务放到后台异步计算,请求可以接着做别的计算。
如果是fetch的话使用yield异步模块可以有较好的效果,减少了平均响应时间,因此可以用来做REST API的通信。