SQL中的单记录函数 1.ASCII 返回与指定的字符对应的十进制数; SQL> select ascii('A') A,ascii('a') a,ascii('0') zero,ascii(' ') space from dual; A A ZERO SPACE --------- --------- --------- --------- 65 97 48 32 2.CHR 给出整数,返回对应的字符; SQL> select chr(54740) zhao,chr(65) chr65 from dual; ZH C -- - 赵 A 3.CONCAT 连接两个字符串; SQL> select concat('010-','88888888')||'转23' 高乾竞电话 from dual; 高乾竞电话 ---------------- 010-88888888转23 4.INITCAP 返回字符串并将字符串的第一个字母变为大写; SQL> select initcap('smith') upp from dual; UPP ----- Smith 5.INSTR(C1,C2,I,J) 在一个字符串中搜索指定的字符,返回发现指定的字符的位置; C1 被搜索的字符串 C2 希望搜索的字符串 I 搜索的开始位置,默认为1 J 出现的位置,默认为1 SQL> select instr('oracle traning','ra',1,2) instring from dual; INSTRING --------- 9 6.LENGTH 返回字符串的长度; SQL> select name,length(name),addr,length(addr),sal,length(to_char(sal)) from gao.nchar_tst; NAME LENGTH(NAME) ADDR LENGTH(ADDR) SAL LENGTH(TO_CHAR(SAL)) ------ ------------ ---------------- ------------ --------- -------------------- 高乾竞 3 北京市海锭区 6 9999.99 7 7.LOWER 返回字符串,并将所有的字符小写 SQL> select lower('AaBbCcDd')AaBbCcDd from dual; AABBCCDD -------- aabbccdd 8.UPPER 返回字符串,并将所有的字符大写 SQL> select upper('AaBbCcDd') upper from dual; UPPER -------- AABBCCDD 9.RPAD和LPAD(粘贴字符) RPAD 在列的右边粘贴字符 LPAD 在列的左边粘贴字符 SQL> select lpad(rpad('gao',10,'*'),17,'*')from dual; LPAD(RPAD('GAO',1 ----------------- *******gao******* 不够字符则用*来填满 10.LTRIM和RTRIM LTRIM 删除左边出现的字符串 RTRIM 删除右边出现的字符串 SQL> select ltrim(rtrim(' gao qian jing ',' '),' ') from dual; LTRIM(RTRIM(' ------------- gao qian jing 11.SUBSTR(string,start,count) 取子字符串,从start开始,取count个 SQL> select substr('13088888888',3, from dual; SUBSTR(' -------- 08888888 12.REPLACE('string','s1','s2') string 希望被替换的字符或变量 s1 被替换的字符串 s2 要替换的字符串 SQL> select replace('he love you','he','i') from dual; REPLACE('H ---------- i love you 13.SOUNDEX 返回一个与给定的字符串读音相同的字符串 SQL> create table table1(xm varchar(); SQL> insert into table1 values('weather'); SQL> insert into table1 values('wether'); SQL> insert into table1 values('gao'); SQL> select xm from table1 where soundex(xm)=soundex('weather'); XM -------- weather wether 14.TRIM('s' from 'string') LEADING 剪掉前面的字符 TRAILING 剪掉后面的字符 如果不指定,默认为空格符 15.ABS 返回指定值的绝对值 SQL> select abs(100),abs(-100) from dual; ABS(100) ABS(-100) --------- --------- 100 100 16.ACOS 给出反余弦的值 SQL> select acos(-1) from dual; ACOS(-1) --------- 3.1415927 17.ASIN 给出反正弦的值 SQL> select asin(0.5) from dual; ASIN(0.5) --------- .52359878 18.ATAN 返回一个数字的反正切值 SQL> select atan(1) from dual; ATAN(1) --------- .78539816 19.CEIL 返回大于或等于给出数字的最小整数 SQL> select ceil(3.1415927) from dual; CEIL(3.1415927) --------------- 4 20.COS 返回一个给定数字的余弦 SQL> select cos(-3.1415927) from dual; COS(-3.1415927) --------------- -1 21.COSH 返回一个数字反余弦值 SQL> select cosh(20) from dual; COSH(20) --------- 242582598 22.EXP 返回一个数字e的n次方根 SQL> select exp(2),exp(1) from dual; EXP(2) EXP(1) --------- --------- 7.3890561 2.7182818 23.FLOOR 对给定的数字取整数 SQL> select floor(2345.67) from dual; FLOOR(2345.67) -------------- 2345 24.LN 返回一个数字的对数值 SQL> select ln(1),ln(2),ln(2.7182818) from dual; LN(1) LN(2) LN(2.7182818) --------- --------- ------------- 0 .69314718 .99999999 25.LOG(n1,n2) 返回一个以n1为底n2的对数 SQL> select log(2,1),log(2,4) from dual; LOG(2,1) LOG(2,4) --------- --------- 0 2 26.MOD(n1,n2) 返回一个n1除以n2的余数 SQL> select mod(10,3),mod(3,3),mod(2,3) from dual; MOD(10,3) MOD(3,3) MOD(2,3) --------- --------- --------- 1 0 2 27.POWER 返回n1的n2次方根 SQL> select power(2,10),power(3,3) from dual; POWER(2,10) POWER(3,3) ----------- ---------- 1024 27 28.ROUND和TRUNC 按照指定的精度进行舍入 SQL> select round(55.5),round(-55.4),trunc(55.5),trunc(-55.5) from dual; ROUND(55.5) ROUND(-55.4) TRUNC(55.5) TRUNC(-55.5) ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ 56 -55 55 -55 29.SIGN 取数字n的符号,大于0返回1,小于0返回-1,等于0返回0 SQL> select sign(123),sign(-100),sign(0) from dual; SIGN(123) SIGN(-100) SIGN(0) --------- ---------- --------- 1 -1 0 30.SIN 返回一个数字的正弦值 SQL> select sin(1.57079) from dual; SIN(1.57079) ------------ 1 31.SIGH 返回双曲正弦的值 SQL> select sin(20),sinh(20) from dual; SIN(20) SINH(20) --------- --------- .91294525 242582598 32.SQRT 返回数字n的根 SQL> select sqrt(64),sqrt(10) from dual; SQRT(64) SQRT(10) --------- --------- 8 3.1622777 33.TAN 返回数字的正切值 SQL> select tan(20),tan(10) from dual; TAN(20) TAN(10) --------- --------- 2.2371609 .64836083 34.TANH 返回数字n的双曲正切值 SQL> select tanh(20),tan(20) from dual; TANH(20) TAN(20) --------- --------- 1 2.2371609 35.TRUNC 按照指定的精度截取一个数 SQL> select trunc(124.1666,-2) trunc1,trunc(124.16666,2) from dual; TRUNC1 TRUNC(124.16666,2) --------- ------------------ 100 124.16 36.ADD_MONTHS 增加或减去月份 SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date('199912','yyyymm'),2),'yyyymm') from dual; TO_CHA ------ 200002 SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date('199912','yyyymm'),-2),'yyyymm') from dual; TO_CHA ------ 199910 37.LAST_DAY 返回日期的最后一天 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy.mm.dd'),to_char((sysdate)+1,'yyyy.mm.dd') from dual; TO_CHAR(SY TO_CHAR((S ---------- ---------- 2004.05.09 2004.05.10 SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual; LAST_DAY(S ---------- 31-5月 -04 38.MONTHS_BETWEEN(date2,date1) 给出date2-date1的月份 SQL> select months_between('19-12月-1999','19-3月-1999') mon_between from dual; MON_BETWEEN ----------- 9 SQL>selectmonths_between(to_date('2000.05.20','yyyy.mm.dd'),to_date('2005.05.20','yyyy.mm.dd')) mon_betw from dual; MON_BETW --------- -60 39.NEW_TIME(date,'this','that') 给出在this时区=other时区的日期和时间 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') bj_time,to_char(new_time 2 (sysdate,'PDT','GMT'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') los_angles from dual; BJ_TIME LOS_ANGLES ------------------- ------------------- 2004.05.09 11:05:32 2004.05.09 18:05:32 40.NEXT_DAY(date,'day') 给出日期date和星期x之后计算下一个星期的日期 SQL> select next_day('18-5月-2001','星期五') next_day from dual; NEXT_DAY ---------- 25-5月 -01 41.SYSDATE 用来得到系统的当前日期 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd-mm-yyyy day') from dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,' ----------------- 09-05-2004 星期日 trunc(date,fmt)按照给出的要求将日期截断,如果fmt='mi'表示保留分,截断秒 SQL> select to_char(trunc(sysdate,'hh'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') hh, 2 to_char(trunc(sysdate,'mi'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') hhmm from dual; HH HHMM ------------------- ------------------- 2004.05.09 11:00:00 2004.05.09 11:17:00 42.CHARTOROWID 将字符数据类型转换为ROWID类型 SQL> select rowid,rowidtochar(rowid),ename from scott.emp; ROWID ROWIDTOCHAR(ROWID) ENAME ------------------ ------------------ ---------- AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA SMITH AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB ALLEN AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC WARD AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD JONES 43.CONVERT(c,dset,sset) 将源字符串 sset从一个语言字符集转换到另一个目的dset字符集 SQL> select convert('strutz','we8hp','f7dec') "conversion" from dual; conver ------ strutz 44.HEXTORAW 将一个十六进制构成的字符串转换为二进制 45.RAWTOHEXT 将一个二进制构成的字符串转换为十六进制 46.ROWIDTOCHAR 将ROWID数据类型转换为字符类型 47.TO_CHAR(date,'format') SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy/mm/dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY ------------------- 2004/05/09 21:14:41 48.TO_DATE(string,'format') 将字符串转化为ORACLE中的一个日期 49.TO_MULTI_BYTE 将字符串中的单字节字符转化为多字节字符 SQL> select to_multi_byte('高') from dual; TO -- 高 50.TO_NUMBER 将给出的字符转换为数字 SQL> select to_number('1999') year from dual; YEAR --------- 1999 51.BFILENAME(dir,file) 指定一个外部二进制文件 SQL>insert into file_tb1 values(bfilename('lob_dir1','image1.gif')); 52.CONVERT('x','desc','source') 将x字段或变量的源source转换为desc SQL> select sid,serial#,username,decode(command, 2 0,'none', 3 2,'insert', 4 3, 5 'select', 6 6,'update', 7 7,'delete', 8 8,'drop', 9 'other') cmd from v$session where type!='background'; SID SERIAL# USERNAME CMD --------- --------- ------------------------------ ------ 1 1 none 2 1 none 3 1 none 4 1 none 5 1 none 6 1 none 7 1275 none 8 1275 none 9 20 GAO select 10 40 GAO none 53.DUMP(s,fmt,start,length) DUMP函数以fmt指定的内部数字格式返回一个VARCHAR2类型的值 SQL> col global_name for a30 SQL> col dump_string for a50 SQL> set lin 200 SQL> select global_name,dump(global_name,1017,8,5) dump_string from global_name; GLOBAL_NAME DUMP_STRING ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ORACLE.WORLD Typ=1 Len=12 CharacterSet=ZHS16GBK: W,O,R,L,D 54.EMPTY_BLOB()和EMPTY_CLOB() 这两个函数都是用来对大数据类型字段进行初始化操作的函数 55.GREATEST 返回一组表达式中的最大值,即比较字符的编码大小. SQL> select greatest('AA','AB','AC') from dual; GR -- AC SQL> select greatest('啊','安','天') from dual; GR -- 天 56.LEAST 返回一组表达式中的最小值 SQL> select least('啊','安','天') from dual; LE -- 啊 57.UID 返回标识当前用户的唯一整数 SQL> show user USER 为"GAO" SQL> select username,user_id from dba_users where user_id=uid; USERNAME USER_ID ------------------------------ --------- GAO 25 58.USER 返回当前用户的名字 SQL> select user from dual; USER ------------------------------ GAO 59.USEREVN 返回当前用户环境的信息,opt可以是: ENTRYID,SESSIONID,TERMINAL,ISDBA,LABLE,LANGUAGE,CLIENT_INFO,LANG,VSIZE ISDBA 查看当前用户是否是DBA如果是则返回true SQL> select userenv('isdba') from dual; USEREN ------ FALSE SQL> select userenv('isdba') from dual; USEREN ------ TRUE SESSION 返回会话标志 SQL> select userenv('sessionid') from dual; USERENV('SESSIONID') -------------------- 152 ENTRYID 返回会话人口标志 SQL> select userenv('entryid') from dual; USERENV('ENTRYID') ------------------ 0 INSTANCE 返回当前INSTANCE的标志 SQL> select userenv('instance') from dual; USERENV('INSTANCE') ------------------- 1 LANGUAGE 返回当前环境变量 SQL> select userenv('language') from dual; USERENV('LANGUAGE') ---------------------------------------------------- SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBK LANG 返回当前环境的语言的缩写 SQL> select userenv('lang') from dual; USERENV('LANG') ---------------------------------------------------- ZHS TERMINAL 返回用户的终端或机器的标志 SQL> select userenv('terminal') from dual; USERENV('TERMINA ---------------- GAO VSIZE(X) 返回X的大小(字节)数 SQL> select vsize(user),user from dual; VSIZE(USER) USER ----------- ------------------------------ 6 SYSTEM 60.AVG(DISTINCT|ALL) all表示对所有的值求平均值,distinct只对不同的值求平均值 SQLWKS> create table table3(xm varchar(,sal number(7,2)); 语句已处理。 SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('gao',1111.11); SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('gao',1111.11); SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('zhu',5555.55); SQLWKS> commit; SQL> select avg(distinct sal) from gao.table3; AVG(DISTINCTSAL) ---------------- 3333.33 SQL> select avg(all sal) from gao.table3; AVG(ALLSAL) ----------- 2592.59 61.MAX(DISTINCT|ALL) 求最大值,ALL表示对所有的值求最大值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最大值,相同的只取一次 SQL> select max(distinct sal) from scott.emp; MAX(DISTINCTSAL) ---------------- 5000 62.MIN(DISTINCT|ALL) 求最小值,ALL表示对所有的值求最小值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最小值,相同的只取一次 SQL> select min(all sal) from gao.table3; MIN(ALLSAL) ----------- 1111.11 63.STDDEV(distinct|all) 求标准差,ALL表示对所有的值求标准差,DISTINCT表示只对不同的值求标准差 SQL> select stddev(sal) from scott.emp; STDDEV(SAL) ----------- 1182.5032 SQL> select stddev(distinct sal) from scott.emp; STDDEV(DISTINCTSAL) ------------------- 1229.951 64.VARIANCE(DISTINCT|ALL) 求协方差 SQL> select variance(sal) from scott.emp; VARIANCE(SAL) ------------- 1398313.9 65.GROUP BY 主要用来对一组数进行统计 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno; DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL) --------- --------- --------- 10 3 8750 20 5 10875 30 6 9400 66.HAVING 对分组统计再加限制条件 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno having count(*)>=5; DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL) --------- --------- --------- 20 5 10875 30 6 9400 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp having count(*)>=5 group by deptno ; DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL) --------- --------- --------- 20 5 10875 30 6 9400 67.ORDER BY 用于对查询到的结果进行排序输出 SQL> select deptno,ename,sal from scott.emp order by deptno,sal desc; DEPTNO ENAME SAL --------- ---------- --------- 10 KING 5000 10 CLARK 2450 10 MILLER 1300 20 SCOTT 3000 20 FORD 3000 20 JONES 2975 20 ADAMS 1100 20 SMITH 800 30 BLAKE 2850 30 ALLEN 1600 30 TURNER 1500 30 WARD 1250 30 MARTIN 1250 30 JAMES 950 oracle日期处理完全版 评论(0)发表时间:2006年7月30日 9时50分 [%repeat_0 match="/data/option"%] [%=@title%] [%=@count%]票 [[%=@percent%]%] [%_repeat_0%] TO_DATE格式 Day: dd number 12 dy abbreviated fri day spelled out friday ddspth spelled out, ordinal twelfth Month: mm number 03 mon abbreviated mar month spelled out march Year: yy two digits 98 yyyy four digits 1998 24小时格式下时间范围为: 0:00:00 - 23:59:59.... 12小时格式下时间范围为: 1:00:00 - 12:59:59 .... 1. 日期和字符转换函数用法(to_date,to_char) 2. select to_char( to_date(222,'J'),'Jsp') from dual 显示Two Hundred Twenty-Two 3. 求某天是星期几 select to_char(to_date('2002-08-26','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual; 星期一 select to_char(to_date('2002-08-26','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American') from dual; monday 设置日期语言 ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE='AMERICAN'; 也可以这样 TO_DATE ('2002-08-26', 'YYYY-mm-dd', 'NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American') 4. 两个日期间的天数 select floor(sysdate - to_date('20020405','yyyymmdd')) from dual; 5. 时间为null的用法 select id, active_date from table1 UNION select 1, TO_DATE(null) from dual; 注意要用TO_DATE(null) 6. a_date between to_date('20011201','yyyymmdd') and to_date('20011231','yyyymmdd') 那么12月31号中午12点之后和12月1号的12点之前是不包含在这个范围之内的。 所以,当时间需要精确的时候,觉得to_char还是必要的 7. 日期格式冲突问题 输入的格式要看你安装的ORACLE字符集的类型, 比如: US7ASCII, date格式的类型就是: '01-Jan-01' alter system set NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American alter session set NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American 或者在to_date中写 select to_char(to_date('2002-08-26','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American') from dual; 注意我这只是举了NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE,当然还有很多, 可查看 select * from nls_session_parameters select * from V$NLS_PARAMETERS 8. select count(*) from ( select rownum-1 rnum from all_objects where rownum <= to_date('2002-02-28','yyyy-mm-dd') - to_date('2002- 02-01','yyyy-mm-dd')+1 ) where to_char( to_date('2002-02-01','yyyy-mm-dd')+rnum-1, 'D' ) not in ( '1', '7' ) 查找2002-02-28至2002-02-01间除星期一和七的天数 在前后分别调用DBMS_UTILITY.GET_TIME, 让后将结果相减(得到的是1/100秒, 而不是毫秒). 9. select months_between(to_date('01-31-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'), to_date('12-31-1998','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS" FROM DUAL; 1 select months_between(to_date('02-01-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'), to_date('12-31-1998','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS" FROM DUAL; 1.03225806451613 10. Next_day的用法 Next_day(date, day) Monday-Sunday, for format code DAY Mon-Sun, for format code DY 1-7, for format code D 11 select to_char(sysdate,'hh:mi:ss') TIME from all_objects 注意:第一条记录的TIME 与最后一行是一样的 可以建立一个函数来处理这个问题 create or replace function sys_date return date is begin return sysdate; end; select to_char(sys_date,'hh:mi:ss') from all_objects; 12. 获得小时数 SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 2:38:40') from offer SQL> select sysdate ,to_char(sysdate,'hh') from dual; SYSDATE TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH') -------------------- --------------------- 2003-10-13 19:35:21 07 SQL> select sysdate ,to_char(sysdate,'hh24') from dual; SYSDATE TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24') -------------------- ----------------------- 2003-10-13 19:35:21 19 获取年月日与此类似 13. 年月日的处理 select older_date, newer_date, years, months, abs( trunc( newer_date- add_months( older_date,years*12+months ) ) ) days from ( select trunc(months_between( newer_date, older_date )/12) YEARS, mod(trunc(months_between( newer_date, older_date )), 12 ) MONTHS, newer_date, older_date from ( select hiredate older_date, add_months(hiredate,rownum)+rownum newer_date from emp ) ) 14. 处理月份天数不定的办法 select to_char(add_months(last_day(sysdate) +1, -2), 'yyyymmdd'),last_day(sysdate) from dual 16. 找出今年的天数 select add_months(trunc(sysdate,'year'), 12) - trunc(sysdate,'year') from dual 闰年的处理方法 to_char( last_day( to_date('02' || :year,'mmyyyy') ), 'dd' ) 如果是28就不是闰年 17. yyyy与rrrr的区别 'YYYY99 TO_C ------- ---- yyyy 99 0099 rrrr 99 1999 yyyy 01 0001 rrrr 01 2001 18.不同时区的处理 select to_char( NEW_TIME( sysdate, 'GMT','EST'), 'dd/mm/yyyy hh:mi:ss') ,sysdate from dual; 19. 5秒钟一个间隔 Select TO_DATE(FLOOR(TO_CHAR(sysdate,'SSSSS')/300) * 300,'SSSSS') ,TO_CHAR(sysdate,'SSSSS') from dual 2002-11-1 9:55:00 35786 SSSSS表示5位秒数 20. 一年的第几天 select TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDD'),sysdate from dual 310 2002-11-6 10:03:51 21.计算小时,分,秒,毫秒 select Days, A, TRUNC(A*24) Hours, TRUNC(A*24*60 - 60*TRUNC(A*24)) Minutes, TRUNC(A*24*60*60 - 60*TRUNC(A*24*60)) Seconds, TRUNC(A*24*60*60*100 - 100*TRUNC(A*24*60*60)) mSeconds from ( select trunc(sysdate) Days, sysdate - trunc(sysdate) A from dual ) select * from tabname order by decode(mode,'FIFO',1,-1)*to_char(rq,'yyyymmddhh24miss'); // floor((date2-date1) /365) 作为年 floor((date2-date1, 365) /30) 作为月 mod(mod(date2-date1, 365), 30)作为日. 23.next_day函数 next_day(sysdate,6)是从当前开始下一个星期五。后面的数字是从星期日开始算起。