路由器的工作原理和静态路由配置

最新推荐文章于 2023-03-16 13:03:25 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-03-16 13:03:25 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/wanghaoyang0324/article/details/119811308

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这里写目录标题

一.路由器的工作原理
二.路由表的形成
三.直连网段
四.非直连网段
五.静态路由
六.静态路由的配置
七.路由表选择路径标准
八.默认路由配置

一.路由器的工作原理

路由：从源主机到目标主机的转发过程
路由器工作原理：路由器根据路由表转发数据

二.路由表的形成

定义：路由器中维护的路由条目的集合
作用：路由器根据路由表做路径选择
在这里插入图片描述

三.直连网段

直连网段（直连路由）：本地接口配置IP地址和子网掩码，端口开启后，形成的路由

四.非直连网段

非直连路由：不是本地接口配置IP地址和子网掩码，接口开启后形成的路由

五.静态路由

对于非直连路由的学习有俩种方式：一种是管理员手动添加（静态路由）另一种是路由器通过路由协议自动学习的方式（动态路由）
静态路由协议只能用于小规模的企业网络
优点：配置灵活，管理员手动配置，节省链路开销
缺点：当拓扑发生改变时，需要管理员去每台路由器上修改路由配置
PS：建议五条以内的非直连路由用静态路由协议，五条以上用动态路由协议。

六.静态路由的配置

在学习静态路由的配置之前一定要先明白下一跳，其意思是指路由数据转发方向的下一台路由器。
通常路由指明方向有俩种方法
方法一：指明该条路由本地路由器出接口
方法二：指明该条路由下一跳入接口IP
在这里插入图片描述
本次测试使用的eNSP软件
项目拓扑图：

1.R1

<Huawei>
<Huawei>undo ter	
<Huawei>undo terminal mo	
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>syst	
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname R1
[R1]user-ti	
[R1]user-time	
[R1]user-int	
[R1]user-interface con	
[R1]user-interface console 0
[R1-ui-console0]idle-ti	
[R1-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[R1-ui-console0]q
[R1]int g0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.1.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo sh	
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 10.1.2.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R1]ip rou	
[R1]ip route-st	
[R1]ip rou	
[R1]ip route-st	
[R1]ip route-static 10.1.3.0 24 10.1.2.2
[R1]ip route-static 10.1.4.0 24 10.1.2.2
[R1]dis	
[R1]display ip 	
[R1]display ip rou	
[R1]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 8        Routes : 8        

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.2.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.2.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.2.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.3.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   10.1.2.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.4.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   10.1.2.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

R2：

<Huawei>undo ter	
<Huawei>undo terminal mont	
<Huawei>undo terminal mon	
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>syst	
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname R2
[R2]user-in	
[R2]user-interface con	
[R2]user-interface console 0 
[R2-ui-console0]idle-t	
[R2-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[R2-ui-console0]q
[R2]int g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.2.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo sh	
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 10.1.3.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shu	
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R2]ip rou	
[R2]ip route-st	
[R2]ip route-static 10.1.1.0 24 10.1.2.1
[R2]ip route-static 10.1.4.0 24 10.1.3.3
[R2]dis	
[R2]display ip	
[R2]display ip-ro	
[R2]display ip-rot	
[R2]display ip ro	
[R2]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 8        Routes : 8        

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.1.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   10.1.2.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.2.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.2.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.2.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.3.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.3.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.3.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.4.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   10.1.3.3        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

R3：

<Huawei>
<Huawei>undo ter	
<Huawei>undo terminal mon	
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>syst	
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname R3 
[R3]user-in	
[R3]user-interface con	
[R3]user-interface console 0 
[R3-ui-console0]idle-ti	
[R3-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[R3-ui-console0]q
[R3]int g0/0/0
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.3.3 24
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo sh	
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 10.1.4.3 24
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo sh	
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R3]ip rou	
[R3]ip route-st	
[R3]ip route-static 10.1.2.0 24 10.1.3.2
[R3]ip route-static 10.1.1.0 24 10.1.3.2
[R3]dis	
[R3]display ip ro	
[R3]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 8        Routes : 8        

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.1.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   10.1.3.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.2.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   10.1.3.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.3.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.3.3        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.3.3/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.1.4.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.4.3        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.4.3/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

PC机设置：
在这里插入图片描述
联通性测试：

PC>ping 10.1.1.10

Ping 10.1.1.10: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
Request timeout!
From 10.1.1.10: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=125 time=109 ms
From 10.1.1.10: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=125 time=47 ms
From 10.1.1.10: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=125 time=94 ms
From 10.1.1.10: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=125 time=93 ms

--- 10.1.1.10 ping statistics ---
  5 packet(s) transmitted
  4 packet(s) received
  20.00% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 0/85/109 ms

七.路由表选择路径标准

选择最优路由标准：
1.子网掩码最长的最优先匹配
2.选取路由协议中优先级最小的优先匹配
DIRECT:0
OSPE:10
IS-IS：15
STATIC :60
RIP:100
OSPF ASE:150
OSPF NSSA:150
IBGP:256
EBGP:256
3.相同路由协议情况下，选取metric值最小的优先匹配
4.如果以上都没有路由可以匹配的上，就匹配默认路由。

八.默认路由配置

默认路由：默认路由（Default route），是对IP数据包中的目的地址找不到存在的其他路由时，路由器所选择的路由。目的地不在路由器的路由表里的所有数据包都会使用默认路由。
表示形式：0.0.0.0/0/font>

作用：当路由器在路由表中找不到目标网络的路由条目时，路由器把请求转发到默认路由接口。

使用条件：必须是末梢/末节网络
注:默认路由是静态路由的一种特殊形式，它属于静态路由中的一种，使用它是有条件的，只能在末梢/末节网络使用。

本次项目测试使用的是eNSP软件
1.项目拓扑图：
在这里插入图片描述
R1:

<Huawei>undo ter	
<Huawei>undo terminal mo	
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>sys	
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysna	
[Huawei]sysname R1
[R1]user-int	
[R1]user-interface co	
[R1]user-interface console 0
[R1-ui-console0]idle-tim	
[R1-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[R1-ui-console0]q
[R1]int g0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 192.168.1.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shu	
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 10.1.1.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shu	
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R1]ip rou	
[R1]ip route-st	
[R1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 10.1.1.2

R2:

<Huawei>undo ter	
<Huawei>undo terminal mo	
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>syst	
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysna	
[Huawei]sysname R2
[R2]user-int	
[R2]user-interface con	
[R2]user-interface console 0
[R2-ui-console0]idle-tim	
[R2-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[R2-ui-console0]q
[R2]int g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.1.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shu	
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 10.1.2.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shu	
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R2]ip rou	
[R2]ip route-st	
[R2]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 10.1.1.1
[R2]ip route-static 10.1.3.0 24 10.1.2.3
[R2]ip route-static 172.16.10.0 24 10.1.2.3

R3:

<Huawei>undo ter	
<Huawei>undo terminal mo	
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>syst	
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysna	
[Huawei]sysname R3
[R3]user-in	
[R3]user-interface co	
[R3]user-interface console 0
[R3-ui-console0]idle-tim	
[R3-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[R3-ui-console0]q
[R3]int g0/0/0
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.2.3 24
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shu	
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 10.1.3.3 24
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shuo	
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shuo
                              ^
Error: Unrecognized command found at '^' position.
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shu	
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R3]ip rpu	
[R3]ip rou	
[R3]ip route-st	
[R3]ip route-static 10.1.1.0 24 10.1.2.2
[R3]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 10.1.2.2
[R3]ip route-static 172.16.10.0 24 10.1.3.4

R4：

<Huawei>undo ter	
<Huawei>undo terminal m	
<Huawei>undo terminal monitor 
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
<Huawei>syst	
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysn	
[Huawei]sysname R4
[R4]user-i	
[R4]user-interface c
[R4-ui-console0]idle-ti	
[R4-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[R4-ui-console0]q
[R4]int g0/0/0
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.3.4 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shu	
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 172.16.10.4 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shu	
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shutdown 
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R4]ip rou	
[R4]ip route-st	
[R4]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 10.1.3.3

最后连通性测试：

Welcome to use PC Simulator!

PC>ping 172.16.10.100

Ping 172.16.10.100: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 172.16.10.100: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=124 time=219 ms
From 172.16.10.100: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=124 time=125 ms
From 172.16.10.100: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=124 time=140 ms
From 172.16.10.100: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=124 time=125 ms
From 172.16.10.100: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=124 time=141 ms

--- 172.16.10.100 ping statistics ---
  5 packet(s) transmitted
  5 packet(s) received
  0.00% packet loss
  round-trip min/avg/max = 125/150/219 ms

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路由器的工作原理和静态路由配置

这里写目录标题一.路由器的工作原理二.路由表的形成三.直连网段四.非直连网段五.静态路由六.静态路由的配置一.路由器的工作原理路由：从源主机到目标主机的转发过程路由器工作原理：路由器根据路由表转发数据二.路由表的形成定义：路由器中维护的路由条目的集合作用：路由器根据路由表做路径选择三.直连网段直连网段（直连路由）：本地接口配置IP地址和子网掩码，端口开启后，形成的路由四.非直连网段非直连路由：不是本地接口配置IP地址和子网掩码，接口开启后形成的路由五.静态路由对于非直连路由的学习有
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