MySQL5.1字符集设置

查看MySQL能够支持的多种字符集：
show character set;

查看字符集的校对规则：
show collation;
show collation like 'gb%';

每个字符集有一个默认校对规则。

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创建数据库时设置字符集和字符校对规则：
create database db_name default character set utf8 default collate utf8_general_ci;

修改数据库的设置字符集和字符校对规则：
alter database db_name default character set gb2312 default collate gb2312_chinese_ci;

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创建表时指定表和列的字符集与表和列字符校对规则：
create table table_name(
   id int primary key,
   name varchar(100) character set gb2312 collate gb2312_chinese_ci
)default character set gb2312 default collate gb2312_chinese_ci;

修改表的字符集与表的字符校对规则：
alter table table_name default character set utf8 default collate utf8_general_ci;
修改表的列的字符集与表的列的字符校对规则：
alter table table_name modify name varchar(100) character set utf8 collate utf8_general_ci;

查看表的字符集与字符校对规则：
show create table table_name;

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字符集和校对规则的系统变量
查看字符集系统变量：
show variables like 'character_set_%';
查看校对规则系统变量：
show variables like 'collation_%';

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字符集系统变量介绍：
character_set_server：默认的内部操作字符集
character_set_client：客户端来源数据使用的字符集
character_set_connection：连接层字符集
character_set_results：查询结果字符集
character_set_database：当前选中数据库的默认字符集
character_set_system：系统元数据(字段名等)字符集

字符集转换过程：
1. MySQL Server收到请求时将请求数据从character_set_client转换为character_set_connection
2. 进行内部操作前将请求数据从character_set_connection转换为内部操作字符集

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修改连接字符集：
set names utf8;
等价于：
set character_set_client = utf8;
set character_set_results = utf8;
set character_set_connection = utf8;
 
注：MySQL服务重新启动后失效。

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window下配置字符集
%MySQL5.1_HOME%/my.ini
my.ini文件中修改

客户端字符集修改，找到：
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[client]
port=3306
[mysql]
default-character-set=GBK
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
修改为：
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[client]
port=3306
[mysql]
default-character-set=GB2312
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

服务器端字符集修改，找到：
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[mysqld]
port=3306
default-character-set=GBK
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
修改为：
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[mysqld]
port=3306
default-character-set=GB2312
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

重新启动服务
再查看字符集系统变量：show variables like 'character_set_%';

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liunx下配置字符集
找到文件：
/usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf
复制该文件到/etc目录下：
cp /usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf

my.cnf文件中修改

客户端字符集修改，找到：
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[client]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
增加default-character-set,变为:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[client]
default-character-set=UTF8
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

服务器端字符集修改，找到：
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[mysqld]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
增加default-character-set,变为:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[mysqld]
default-character-set=UTF8
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

重新启动mysql: /ect/init.d/mysql restart
再查看字符集系统变量：show variables like 'character_set_%';

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MySQL的JDBC连接URL：
jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?user=root&password=root&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&failOverReadOnly=false

在使用数据库连接池的情况下，最好设置如下两个参数：
autoReconnect=true&failOverReadOnly=false