Tensorflow官方教程详解

一、面向初学者的 TensorFlow 2.0 教程

下载并安装 TensorFlow 2.0 测试版包。将 TensorFlow 载入你的程序：

安装 TensorFlow

import tensorflow as tf

载入并准备好 MNIST 数据集。将样本从整数转换为浮点数：

mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist


(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0

将模型的各层堆叠起来，以搭建 tf.keras.Sequential 模型。为训练选择优化器和损失函数：

model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
  tf.keras.layers.Flatten(input_shape=(28, 28)),
  tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
  tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.2),
  tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])

model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
              metrics=['accuracy'])

训练并验证模型：

model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=5)

model.evaluate(x_test,  y_test, verbose=2)

Epoch 1/5
1875/1875 [] - 3s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2962 - accuracy: 0.9155
Epoch 2/5
1875/1875 [] - 3s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1420 - accuracy: 0.9581
Epoch 3/5
1875/1875 [] - 3s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1064 - accuracy: 0.9672
Epoch 4/5
1875/1875 [] - 3s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0885 - accuracy: 0.9730
Epoch 5/5
1875/1875 [==============================] - 3s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0749 - accuracy: 0.9765
313/313 - 0s - loss: 0.0748 - accuracy: 0.9778
[0.07484959065914154, 0.9778000116348267]
现在，这个照片分类器的准确度已经达到 98%。

二、面向专家的 TensorFlow 2.0 教程

下载并安装 TensorFlow 2.0 Beta 软件包：

将 Tensorflow 导入您的程序：

import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense, Flatten, Conv2D
from tensorflow.keras import Model

加载并准备 MNIST 数据集。

mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist

(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0

加载并准备 MNIST 数据集。

x_train = x_train[..., tf.newaxis]
x_test = x_test[..., tf.newaxis]

使用 tf.data 来将数据集切分为 batch 以及混淆数据集：

train_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(
    (x_train, y_train)).shuffle(10000).batch(32)
test_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_test, y_test)).batch(32)

使用 Keras 模型子类化（model subclassing） API 构建 tf.keras 模型：

class MyModel(Model):
  def __init__(self):
    super(MyModel, self).__init__()
    self.conv1 = Conv2D(32, 3, activation='relu')
    self.flatten = Flatten()
    self.d1 = Dense(128, activation='relu')
    self.d2 = Dense(10, activation='softmax')

  def call(self, x):
    x = self.conv1(x)
    x = self.flatten(x)
    x = self.d1(x)
    return self.d2(x)

model = MyModel()

为训练选择优化器与损失函数：

loss_object = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy()

optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam()

选择衡量指标来度量模型的损失值（loss）和准确率（accuracy）。这些指标在 epoch 上累积值，然后打印出整体结果。

train_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='train_loss')
train_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='train_accuracy')

test_loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='test_loss')
test_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='test_accuracy')

使用 tf.GradientTape 来训练模型：

@tf.function

def train_step(images, labels):
  with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    predictions = model(images)
    loss = loss_object(labels, predictions)
  gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)
  optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))

  train_loss(loss)
  train_accuracy(labels, predictions)

测试模型：

@tf.function

def test_step(images, labels):
  predictions = model(images)
  t_loss = loss_object(labels, predictions)

  test_loss(t_loss)
  test_accuracy(labels, predictions)

EPOCHS = 5

for epoch in range(EPOCHS):
  # 在下一个epoch开始时，重置评估指标
  train_loss.reset_states()
  train_accuracy.reset_states()
  test_loss.reset_states()
  test_accuracy.reset_states()

  for images, labels in train_ds:
    train_step(images, labels)

  for test_images, test_labels in test_ds:
    test_step(test_images, test_labels)

  template = 'Epoch {}, Loss: {}, Accuracy: {}, Test Loss: {}, Test Accuracy: {}'
  print (template.format(epoch+1,
                         train_loss.result(),
                         train_accuracy.result()*100,
                         test_loss.result(),
                         test_accuracy.result()*100))

WARNING:tensorflow:Layer my_model is casting an input tensor from dtype float64 to the layer’s dtype of float32, which is new behavior in TensorFlow 2. The layer has dtype float32 because its dtype defaults to floatx.

If you intended to run this layer in float32, you can safely ignore this warning. If in doubt, this warning is likely only an issue if you are porting a TensorFlow 1.X model to TensorFlow 2.

To change all layers to have dtype float64 by default, call tf.keras.backend.set_floatx('float64'). To change just this layer, pass dtype=‘float64’ to the layer constructor. If you are the author of this layer, you can disable autocasting by passing autocast=False to the base Layer constructor.

Epoch 1, Loss: 0.13825324177742004, Accuracy: 95.89166259765625, Test Loss: 0.07461485266685486, Test Accuracy: 97.47999572753906
Epoch 2, Loss: 0.04554400220513344, Accuracy: 98.61666870117188, Test Loss: 0.05126383528113365, Test Accuracy: 98.29000091552734
Epoch 3, Loss: 0.024927066639065742, Accuracy: 99.18500518798828, Test Loss: 0.05301696062088013, Test Accuracy: 98.30999755859375
Epoch 4, Loss: 0.014068767428398132, Accuracy: 99.52832794189453, Test Loss: 0.051672786474227905, Test Accuracy: 98.58000183105469
Epoch 5, Loss: 0.009344187565147877, Accuracy: 99.69166564941406, Test Loss: 0.06102905049920082, Test Accuracy: 98.25

该图片分类器现在在此数据集上训练得到了接近 98% 的准确率（accuracy）