当我们编译单个C/C++文件时,会产生目标文件,然后链接器把目标文件链接成为可执行的文件。在LINUX下,GCC编译的目标文件格式以.o作为后缀,可执行文件为ELF(Executable and Linking Format)格式,工程文件以Makefile进行组织,使用make命令进行编译。在WINDOWS操作系统下,Visual C++产生的目标文件格式是以.obj做为后缀的,可执行文件为EXE(PE)格式。ELF和PE文件都是在COFF(Common Object File Format)格式的基础上扩展的。VC6.0是如何组织源文件的?
首先,在安装完VC6.0后,在VC98/Bin 目录下可以看到CL, LINK 等编译相关的可执行文件和DLL文件,以及和反编器DUMPBIN。 此外,还有和make相似的NMAKE可执行文件。了解这些后,打开VC6.0,创建一个控制台“Hello World"工程。 在工程目录下 ,找到dsp文件, 内容如下:
# Microsoft Developer Studio Project File - Name="HelloWorld" - Package Owner=<4>
# Microsoft Developer Studio Generated Build File, Format Version 6.00
# ** DO NOT EDIT **
# TARGTYPE "Win32 (x86) Console Application" 0x0103
CFG=HelloWorld - Win32 Debug
!MESSAGE This is not a valid makefile. To build this project using NMAKE,
!MESSAGE use the Export Makefile command and run
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE NMAKE /f "HelloWorld.mak".
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE You can specify a configuration when running NMAKE
!MESSAGE by defining the macro CFG on the command line. For example:
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE NMAKE /f "HelloWorld.mak" CFG="HelloWorld - Win32 Debug"
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE Possible choices for configuration are:
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE "HelloWorld - Win32 Release" (based on "Win32 (x86) Console Application")
!MESSAGE "HelloWorld - Win32 Debug" (based on "Win32 (x86) Console Application")
!MESSAGE
# Begin Project
# PROP AllowPerConfigDependencies 0
# PROP Scc_ProjName ""
# PROP Scc_LocalPath ""
CPP=cl.exe
RSC=rc.exe
!IF "$(CFG)" == "HelloWorld - Win32 Release"
# PROP BASE Use_MFC 0
# PROP BASE Use_Debug_Libraries 0
# PROP BASE Output_Dir "Release"
# PROP BASE Intermediate_Dir "Release"
# PROP BASE Target_Dir ""
# PROP Use_MFC 0
# PROP Use_Debug_Libraries 0
# PROP Output_Dir "Release"
# PROP Intermediate_Dir "Release"
# PROP Target_Dir ""
# ADD BASE CPP /nologo /W3 /GX /O2 /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_MBCS" /Yu"stdafx.h" /FD /c
# ADD CPP /nologo /W3 /GX /O2 /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_MBCS" /Yu"stdafx.h" /FD /c
# ADD BASE RSC /l 0x804 /d "NDEBUG"
# ADD RSC /l 0x804 /d "NDEBUG"
BSC32=bscmake.exe
# ADD BASE BSC32 /nologo
# ADD BSC32 /nologo
LINK32=link.exe
# ADD BASE LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:console /machine:I386
# ADD LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:console /machine:I386
!ELSEIF "$(CFG)" == "HelloWorld - Win32 Debug"
# PROP BASE Use_MFC 0
# PROP BASE Use_Debug_Libraries 1
# PROP BASE Output_Dir "Debug"
# PROP BASE Intermediate_Dir "Debug"
# PROP BASE Target_Dir ""
# PROP Use_MFC 0
# PROP Use_Debug_Libraries 1
# PROP Output_Dir "Debug"
# PROP Intermediate_Dir "Debug"
# PROP Target_Dir ""
# ADD BASE CPP /nologo /W3 /Gm /GX /ZI /Od /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_MBCS" /Yu"stdafx.h" /FD /GZ /c
# ADD CPP /nologo /W3 /Gm /GX /ZI /Od /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_MBCS" /Yu"stdafx.h" /FD /GZ /c
# ADD BASE RSC /l 0x804 /d "_DEBUG"
# ADD RSC /l 0x804 /d "_DEBUG"
BSC32=bscmake.exe
# ADD BASE BSC32 /nologo
# ADD BSC32 /nologo
LINK32=link.exe
# ADD BASE LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:console /debug /machine:I386 /pdbtype:sept
# ADD LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:console /debug /machine:I386 /pdbtype:sept
!ENDIF
# Begin Target
# Name "HelloWorld - Win32 Release"
# Name "HelloWorld - Win32 Debug"
# Begin Group "Source Files"
# PROP Default_Filter "cpp;c;cxx;rc;def;r;odl;idl;hpj;bat"
# Begin Source File
SOURCE=./HelloWorld.cpp
# End Source File
# Begin Source File
SOURCE=./StdAfx.cpp
# ADD CPP /Yc"stdafx.h"
# End Source File
# End Group
# Begin Group "Header Files"
# PROP Default_Filter "h;hpp;hxx;hm;inl"
# Begin Source File
SOURCE=./StdAfx.h
# End Source File
# End Group
# Begin Group "Resource Files"
# PROP Default_Filter "ico;cur;bmp;dlg;rc2;rct;bin;rgs;gif;jpg;jpeg;jpe"
# End Group
# Begin Source File
SOURCE=./ReadMe.txt
# End Source File
# End Target
# End Project
应该来说,在IDE下显示的文件关联信息和编译信息都存在DSP文件中。CFG是确定最终编译工程是 debug版本还是realease版本。cl.exe和rc.exe分别用来编译源文件和资源文件。并且定义了字符类型和IDE可以导入工程的文件类型。目标文件的目录以及依赖的库文件。
打开project->Export Makefile,选择确定,可以看到在工程目录下产生了DEP和MAK文件,这两个文件是有上面的DSP文件得来的。
DEP指明了源文件的依赖关系:
# Microsoft Developer Studio Generated Dependency File, included by HelloWorld.mak
./HelloWorld.cpp : /
"./StdAfx.h"/
./StdAfx.cpp : /
"./StdAfx.h"/
然后,是MAK文件:
# Microsoft Developer Studio Generated NMAKE File, Based on HelloWorld.dsp
!IF "$(CFG)" == ""
CFG=HelloWorld - Win32 Debug
!MESSAGE No configuration specified. Defaulting to HelloWorld - Win32 Debug.
!ENDIF
!IF "$(CFG)" != "HelloWorld - Win32 Release" && "$(CFG)" != "HelloWorld - Win32 Debug"
!MESSAGE Invalid configuration "$(CFG)" specified.
!MESSAGE You can specify a configuration when running NMAKE
!MESSAGE by defining the macro CFG on the command line. For example:
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE NMAKE /f "HelloWorld.mak" CFG="HelloWorld - Win32 Debug"
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE Possible choices for configuration are:
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE "HelloWorld - Win32 Release" (based on "Win32 (x86) Console Application")
!MESSAGE "HelloWorld - Win32 Debug" (based on "Win32 (x86) Console Application")
!MESSAGE
!ERROR An invalid configuration is specified.
!ENDIF
!IF "$(OS)" == "Windows_NT"
NULL=
!ELSE
NULL=nul
!ENDIF
!IF "$(CFG)" == "HelloWorld - Win32 Release"
OUTDIR=./Release
INTDIR=./Release
# Begin Custom Macros
OutDir=./Release
# End Custom Macros
ALL : "$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.exe"
CLEAN :
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.obj"
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch"
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/StdAfx.obj"
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/vc60.idb"
-@erase "$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.exe"
"$(OUTDIR)" :
if not exist "$(OUTDIR)/$(NULL)" mkdir "$(OUTDIR)"
CPP=cl.exe
CPP_PROJ=/nologo /ML /W3 /GX /O2 /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_MBCS" /Fp"$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch" /Yu"stdafx.h" /Fo"$(INTDIR)//" /Fd"$(INTDIR)//" /FD /c
.c{$(INTDIR)}.obj::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.cpp{$(INTDIR)}.obj::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.cxx{$(INTDIR)}.obj::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.c{$(INTDIR)}.sbr::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.cpp{$(INTDIR)}.sbr::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.cxx{$(INTDIR)}.sbr::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
RSC=rc.exe
BSC32=bscmake.exe
BSC32_FLAGS=/nologo /o"$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.bsc"
BSC32_SBRS= /
LINK32=link.exe
LINK32_FLAGS=kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:console /incremental:no /pdb:"$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.pdb" /machine:I386 /out:"$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.exe"
LINK32_OBJS= /
"$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.obj" /
"$(INTDIR)/StdAfx.obj"
"$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.exe" : "$(OUTDIR)" $(DEF_FILE) $(LINK32_OBJS)
$(LINK32) @<<
$(LINK32_FLAGS) $(LINK32_OBJS)
<<
!ELSEIF "$(CFG)" == "HelloWorld - Win32 Debug"
OUTDIR=./Debug
INTDIR=./Debug
# Begin Custom Macros
OutDir=./Debug
# End Custom Macros
ALL : "$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.exe"
CLEAN :
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.obj"
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch"
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/StdAfx.obj"
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/vc60.idb"
-@erase "$(INTDIR)/vc60.pdb"
-@erase "$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.exe"
-@erase "$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.ilk"
-@erase "$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.pdb"
"$(OUTDIR)" :
if not exist "$(OUTDIR)/$(NULL)" mkdir "$(OUTDIR)"
CPP=cl.exe
CPP_PROJ=/nologo /MLd /W3 /Gm /GX /ZI /Od /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_MBCS" /Fp"$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch" /Yu"stdafx.h" /Fo"$(INTDIR)//" /Fd"$(INTDIR)//" /FD /GZ /c
.c{$(INTDIR)}.obj::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.cpp{$(INTDIR)}.obj::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.cxx{$(INTDIR)}.obj::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.c{$(INTDIR)}.sbr::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.cpp{$(INTDIR)}.sbr::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
.cxx{$(INTDIR)}.sbr::
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_PROJ) $<
<<
RSC=rc.exe
BSC32=bscmake.exe
BSC32_FLAGS=/nologo /o"$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.bsc"
BSC32_SBRS= /
LINK32=link.exe
LINK32_FLAGS=kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:console /incremental:yes /pdb:"$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.pdb" /debug /machine:I386 /out:"$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.exe" /pdbtype:sept
LINK32_OBJS= /
"$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.obj" /
"$(INTDIR)/StdAfx.obj"
"$(OUTDIR)/HelloWorld.exe" : "$(OUTDIR)" $(DEF_FILE) $(LINK32_OBJS)
$(LINK32) @<<
$(LINK32_FLAGS) $(LINK32_OBJS)
<<
!ENDIF
!IF "$(NO_EXTERNAL_DEPS)" != "1"
!IF EXISTS("HelloWorld.dep")
!INCLUDE "HelloWorld.dep"
!ELSE
!MESSAGE Warning: cannot find "HelloWorld.dep"
!ENDIF
!ENDIF
!IF "$(CFG)" == "HelloWorld - Win32 Release" || "$(CFG)" == "HelloWorld - Win32 Debug"
SOURCE=./HelloWorld.cpp
"$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.obj" : $(SOURCE) "$(INTDIR)" "$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch"
SOURCE=./StdAfx.cpp
!IF "$(CFG)" == "HelloWorld - Win32 Release"
CPP_SWITCHES=/nologo /ML /W3 /GX /O2 /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_MBCS" /Fp"$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch" /Yc"stdafx.h" /Fo"$(INTDIR)//" /Fd"$(INTDIR)//" /FD /c
"$(INTDIR)/StdAfx.obj" "$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch" : $(SOURCE) "$(INTDIR)"
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_SWITCHES) $(SOURCE)
<<
!ELSEIF "$(CFG)" == "HelloWorld - Win32 Debug"
CPP_SWITCHES=/nologo /MLd /W3 /Gm /GX /ZI /Od /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_MBCS" /Fp"$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch" /Yc"stdafx.h" /Fo"$(INTDIR)//" /Fd"$(INTDIR)//" /FD /GZ /c
"$(INTDIR)/StdAfx.obj" "$(INTDIR)/HelloWorld.pch" : $(SOURCE) "$(INTDIR)"
$(CPP) @<<
$(CPP_SWITCHES) $(SOURCE)
<<
!ENDIF
!ENDIF
然后用NMAE -f HelloWorld.mak,就可以在debug目录下看到编译后的obj和exe文件。其中,还有PDB,IDB,ILK,PCH文件,这些都是.C, .CPP, .Cxx文件编译和链接过程中的中间文件。