[root@simpleit ~]# uname -a Linux simpleit.domain.cn 2.6.18-194.el5 #1 SMP Fri Apr 2 14:58:35 EDT 2010 i686 athlon i386 GNU/Linux [root@simpleit ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 5.5 (Final)
sar -u 检查cpu沉重程度
%user 运行在用户模式下cpu使用百分比
%system 运行在系统模式下cpu使用百分比
%iowait 进程等待io时，空闲状态下cpu使用百分比
%idle 空闲状态下cpu使用百分比
[oracle@simpleit ~]$ sar -u 10 8 --每10秒采样一次，共采样8次 Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/17/2011 11:50:44 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 11:50:54 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 99.86 11:51:04 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 99.86 11:51:14 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 99.86 11:51:24 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.15 0.00 99.42 11:51:34 PM all 0.14 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 99.71 11:51:44 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 11:51:54 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 11:52:04 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.00 99.71 Average: all 0.02 0.00 0.13 0.05 0.00 99.80
%iowait如果过高，说明磁盘的连接存在问题，可以使用iostat命令来确定磁盘连接问题;所以，较低的cpu空闲时间(%idle),可能是io的问题，而不是cpu的问题。
从以上输出结果可以检查出的问题：
低cpu空闲时间。
等待i/o或'%iowait > 10'所用时间的的高百分比。
%system > 15瓶颈，这可能说明交换，分页或备份会导致瓶颈。
%user异常高，这可能是由于没有正确调整应用程序或过度利用cpu。
[oracle@simpleit ~]$ sar -d 5 2 --查看磁盘块活动,每5秒采样一次，共采样2次 Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011 12:13:23 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util 12:13:28 AM dev8-0 2.31 0.00 59.94 26.00 0.00 0.75 0.25 0.06 12:13:28 AM dev8-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:13:28 AM dev8-2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:13:28 AM dev8-3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:13:28 AM dev8-4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:13:28 AM dev8-5 0.86 0.00 20.75 24.00 0.00 0.67 0.67 0.06 12:13:28 AM dev8-6 0.29 0.00 9.22 32.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.03 12:13:28 AM dev8-7 1.15 0.00 29.97 26.00 0.00 0.75 0.25 0.03 12:13:28 AM dev8-8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:13:28 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util 12:13:33 AM dev8-0 2.91 0.00 81.40 28.00 0.00 0.70 0.30 0.09 12:13:33 AM dev8-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:13:33 AM dev8-2 0.58 0.00 20.93 36.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.03 12:13:33 AM dev8-3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:13:33 AM dev8-4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:13:33 AM dev8-5 0.87 0.00 20.93 24.00 0.00 0.67 0.67 0.06 12:13:33 AM dev8-6 0.29 0.00 9.30 32.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.03 12:13:33 AM dev8-7 1.16 0.00 30.23 26.00 0.00 0.75 0.25 0.03 12:13:33 AM dev8-8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util Average: dev8-0 2.60 0.00 70.62 27.11 0.00 0.72 0.28 0.07 Average: dev8-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: dev8-2 0.29 0.00 10.42 36.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.01 Average: dev8-3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: dev8-4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: dev8-5 0.87 0.00 20.84 24.00 0.00 0.67 0.67 0.06 Average: dev8-6 0.29 0.00 9.26 32.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.03 Average: dev8-7 1.16 0.00 30.10 26.00 0.00 0.75 0.25 0.03 Average: dev8-8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -d Report activity for each block device (kernels 2.4 and newer only). When data is displayed, the device specifi- cation dev m-n is generally used ( DEV column). m is the major number of the device. With recent kernels (post 2.5), n is the minor number of the device, but is only a sequence number with pre 2.5 kernels. Device names may also be pretty-printed if option -p is used (see below). Values for fields avgqu-sz, await, svctm and %util may be unavailable and displayed as 0.00 with some 2.4 kernels. tps Indicate the number of transfers per second that were issued to the device. Multiple logical requests can be combined into a single I/O request to the device. A transfer is of indeterminate size. rd_sec/s Number of sectors read from the device. The size of a sector is 512 bytes. wr_sec/s Number of sectors written to the device. The size of a sector is 512 bytes. avgrq-sz The average size (in sectors) of the requests that were issued to the device. avgqu-sz The average queue length of the requests that were issued to the device. await The average time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests issued to the device to be served. This includes the time spent by the requests in queue and the time spent servicing them. svctm The average service time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests that were issued to the device. %util Percentage of CPU time during which I/O requests were issued to the device (bandwidth utilization for the device). Device saturation occurs when this value is close to 100%. [root@simpleit ~]# sar -b --查看io传输速率 Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011 12:00:01 AM tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s 12:10:01 AM 15.78 4.32 11.46 134.88 291.99 12:20:01 AM 10.15 1.30 8.85 38.04 206.96 12:30:01 AM 10.55 1.50 9.04 44.09 208.99 12:40:01 AM 10.04 1.32 8.72 38.48 205.54 12:50:01 AM 8.82 1.20 7.63 34.99 171.41 01:00:01 AM 10.81 1.44 9.37 42.02 223.72 01:10:01 AM 15.46 4.40 11.05 137.44 270.27 01:20:01 AM 9.42 1.29 8.13 37.79 194.48 01:30:01 AM 11.21 1.52 9.69 44.56 211.02 01:40:01 AM 10.77 1.32 9.45 38.57 231.18 01:50:01 AM 10.45 1.64 8.81 45.58 204.63 02:00:01 AM 9.85 1.49 8.35 43.70 200.58 02:10:01 AM 14.83 4.37 10.45 136.45 253.21 02:20:01 AM 10.14 1.52 8.63 44.47 205.64 02:30:02 AM 9.51 1.29 8.23 37.59 197.37 02:40:01 AM 10.03 1.39 8.64 40.93 202.56 02:50:01 AM 15.52 2.42 13.10 73.29 272.83 03:00:01 AM 10.96 1.19 9.76 35.03 263.64 03:10:02 AM 17.09 4.72 12.37 146.89 323.97 03:20:01 AM 11.09 1.52 9.57 44.62 223.70 03:30:01 AM 10.55 1.32 9.24 38.57 218.33 03:40:52 AM 10.69 1.41 9.28 41.26 214.51 03:50:01 AM 10.78 1.41 9.37 41.15 226.49 04:00:01 AM 10.26 1.17 9.09 34.22 215.73 04:10:01 AM 16.33 4.71 11.63 146.05 329.41 04:20:01 AM 10.27 1.45 8.82 42.33 206.00 04:30:01 AM 40.58 28.60 11.98 317.29 388.75 Average: tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s Average: 12.83 3.16 9.67 71.88 236.68 -b Report I/O and transfer rate statistics. The following values are displayed: tps Total number of transfers per second that were issued to physical devices. A transfer is an I/O request to a physical device. Multiple logical requests can be combined into a single I/O request to the device. A transfer is of indeterminate size. rtps Total number of read requests per second issued to physical devices. wtps Total number of write requests per second issued to physical devices. bread/s Total amount of data read from the devices in blocks per second. Blocks are equivalent to sectors with 2.4 kernels and newer and therefore have a size of 512 bytes. With older kernels, a block is of indeterminate size. bwrtn/s Total amount of data written to devices in blocks per second. [root@simpleit ~]# sar -q --查看队列长度和load averages，队列越小越好 Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011 12:00:01 AM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15 12:10:01 AM 1 154 0.03 0.02 0.00 12:20:01 AM 1 154 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:30:01 AM 2 158 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:40:01 AM 1 158 0.00 0.00 0.00 12:50:01 AM 0 145 0.00 0.00 0.00 01:00:01 AM 1 144 0.00 0.00 0.00 01:10:01 AM 0 143 0.02 0.03 0.00 01:20:01 AM 2 143 0.24 0.05 0.02 01:30:01 AM 2 142 0.00 0.01 0.00 01:40:01 AM 0 142 0.01 0.01 0.00 01:50:01 AM 0 142 0.01 0.02 0.00 02:00:01 AM 0 142 0.01 0.00 0.00 02:10:01 AM 0 142 0.00 0.00 0.00 02:20:01 AM 1 143 0.00 0.00 0.00 02:30:02 AM 0 143 0.07 0.02 0.00 02:40:01 AM 1 143 0.03 0.01 0.00 02:50:01 AM 0 142 0.05 0.01 0.00 03:00:01 AM 0 142 0.00 0.00 0.00 03:10:02 AM 2 143 0.00 0.00 0.00 03:20:01 AM 0 143 0.04 0.03 0.00 03:30:01 AM 2 142 0.00 0.00 0.00 03:40:52 AM 1 144 0.40 0.08 0.03 03:50:01 AM 0 144 0.00 0.02 0.00 04:00:01 AM 0 145 0.00 0.01 0.00 04:10:01 AM 0 143 0.03 0.03 0.00 04:20:01 AM 0 143 0.00 0.00 0.00 04:30:01 AM 0 154 0.15 0.63 0.36 04:30:01 AM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15 04:40:01 AM 1 160 0.00 0.15 0.21 04:50:01 AM 1 152 0.03 0.04 0.13 05:00:01 AM 1 155 0.00 0.00 0.07 Average: 1 146 0.04 0.04 0.03 -q Report queue length and load averages. The following values are displayed: runq-sz Run queue length (number of processes waiting for run time). plist-sz Number of processes and threads in the process list. ldavg-1 System load average for the last minute. ldavg-5 System load average for the past 5 minutes. ldavg-15 System load average for the past 15 minutes. [root@simpleit ~]# sar -B --查看分页信息 Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011 12:00:01 AM pgpgin/s pgpgout/s fault/s majflt/s 12:10:01 AM 33.72 73.00 148.99 0.00 12:20:01 AM 9.51 51.74 28.18 0.00 12:30:01 AM 11.02 52.25 38.95 0.00 12:40:01 AM 9.62 51.38 23.46 0.00 12:50:01 AM 8.75 42.85 36.53 0.00 01:00:01 AM 10.51 55.93 113.14 0.00 01:10:01 AM 34.36 67.57 133.89 0.00 01:20:01 AM 9.45 48.62 13.46 0.00 01:30:01 AM 11.14 52.76 33.40 0.00 01:40:01 AM 9.64 57.80 53.93 0.00 01:50:01 AM 11.39 51.16 26.90 0.00 02:00:01 AM 10.92 50.15 15.03 0.00 02:10:01 AM 34.11 63.30 71.48 0.00 02:20:01 AM 11.12 51.41 30.74 0.00 02:30:02 AM 9.40 49.34 13.41 0.00 02:40:01 AM 10.23 50.64 24.54 0.00 02:50:01 AM 18.32 68.21 75.52 0.00 03:00:01 AM 8.76 65.91 15.04 0.00 03:10:02 AM 36.72 81.01 174.94 0.00 03:20:01 AM 11.16 55.90 102.84 0.00 03:30:01 AM 9.64 54.58 103.05 0.00 03:40:52 AM 10.31 53.63 113.14 0.00 03:50:01 AM 10.29 56.62 84.43 0.00 04:00:01 AM 8.55 53.93 121.55 0.00 04:10:01 AM 36.51 82.35 497.64 0.00 04:20:01 AM 10.58 51.69 23.54 0.00 04:30:01 AM 79.32 97.02 22818.85 0.00 04:30:01 AM pgpgin/s pgpgout/s fault/s majflt/s 04:40:01 AM 10.57 56.57 136.40 0.00 04:50:01 AM 8.15 51.25 94.58 0.00 05:00:01 AM 9.63 55.48 95.60 0.00 05:10:01 AM 39.76 69.12 101.28 0.03 05:20:01 AM 9.37 50.82 40.03 0.00 Average: 17.58 58.77 899.74 0.00 -B Report paging statistics. The following values are displayed: pgpgin/s Total number of kilobytes the system paged in from disk per second. Note: With old kernels (2.2.x) this value is a number of blocks per second (and not kilobytes).--每秒换进数(kilobytes) pgpgout/s Total number of kilobytes the system paged out to disk per second. Note: With old kernels (2.2.x) this value is a number of blocks per second (and not kilobytes).--每秒换出数(kilobytes) fault/s Number of page faults (major + minor) made by the system per second (post 2.5 kernels only). This is not a count of page faults that generate I/O, because some page faults can be resolved without I/O. majflt/s Number of major faults the system has made per second, those which have required loading a memory page from disk (post 2.5 kernels only). [root@simpleit ~]# sar -W --查看交换信息 Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011 12:00:01 AM pswpin/s pswpout/s 12:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00 12:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00 12:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00 12:40:01 AM 0.00 0.00 12:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00 01:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00 01:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00 01:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00 01:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00 01:40:01 AM 0.00 0.00 01:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00 02:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00 02:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00 02:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00 02:30:02 AM 0.00 0.00 02:40:01 AM 0.00 0.00 02:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00 03:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00 03:10:02 AM 0.00 0.00 03:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00 03:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00 03:40:52 AM 0.00 0.00 03:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00 04:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00 04:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00 04:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00 04:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00 04:40:01 AM 0.00 0.00 04:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00 05:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00 05:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00 05:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00 05:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00 Average: 0.00 0.00 -W Report swapping statistics. The following values are displayed: pswpin/s Total number of swap pages the system brought in per second. pswpout/s Total number of swap pages the system brought out per second. [root@simpleit ~]# sar -r --查看空闲内存与空闲交换信息 Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011 12:00:01 AM kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbswpfree kbswpused %swpused kbswpcad 12:10:01 AM 40752 969972 95.97 120780 647636 714880 4 0.00 0 12:20:01 AM 40504 970220 95.99 120888 647664 714880 4 0.00 0 12:30:01 AM 39512 971212 96.09 120976 647688 714880 4 0.00 0 12:40:01 AM 39388 971336 96.10 121068 647692 714880 4 0.00 0 12:50:01 AM 41556 969168 95.89 121212 647716 714880 4 0.00 0 01:00:01 AM 42864 967860 95.76 121300 647740 714880 4 0.00 0 01:10:01 AM 44308 966416 95.62 121364 647764 714880 4 0.00 0 01:20:01 AM 44280 966444 95.62 121420 647764 714880 4 0.00 0 01:30:01 AM 45640 965084 95.48 121516 647800 714880 4 0.00 0 01:40:01 AM 45612 965112 95.49 121576 647808 714880 4 0.00 0 01:50:01 AM 45584 965140 95.49 121676 647832 714880 4 0.00 0 02:00:01 AM 45584 965140 95.49 121752 647844 714880 4 0.00 0 02:10:01 AM 45308 965416 95.52 121844 647856 714880 4 0.00 0 02:20:01 AM 43796 966928 95.67 121908 647880 714880 4 0.00 0 02:30:02 AM 43768 966956 95.67 121988 647892 714880 4 0.00 0 02:40:01 AM 43768 966956 95.67 122064 647908 714880 4 0.00 0 02:50:01 AM 44880 965844 95.56 122152 647928 714880 4 0.00 0 03:00:01 AM 44880 965844 95.56 122244 647928 714880 4 0.00 0 03:10:02 AM 43160 967564 95.73 122344 647960 714880 4 0.00 0 03:20:01 AM 42964 967760 95.75 122460 647976 714880 4 0.00 0 03:30:01 AM 44504 966220 95.60 122548 647988 714880 4 0.00 0 03:40:52 AM 39240 971484 96.12 122700 647984 714880 4 0.00 0 03:50:01 AM 41396 969328 95.90 122716 648020 714880 4 0.00 0 04:00:01 AM 39360 971364 96.11 122716 648044 714880 4 0.00 0 04:10:01 AM 42720 968004 95.77 122752 648116 714880 4 0.00 0 04:20:01 AM 42720 968004 95.77 122752 648132 714880 4 0.00 0 04:30:01 AM 15888 994836 98.43 122740 656040 714880 4 0.00 0 04:40:01 AM 15316 995408 98.48 122824 652124 714880 4 0.00 0 04:50:01 AM 25372 985352 97.49 122928 649576 714880 4 0.00 0 05:00:01 AM 26004 984720 97.43 123044 649596 714880 4 0.00 0 05:10:01 AM 23680 987044 97.66 123144 650828 714880 4 0.00 0 05:20:01 AM 27604 983120 97.27 123228 650852 714880 4 0.00 0 05:30:01 AM 22676 988048 97.76 123320 650872 714880 4 0.00 0 Average: 38624 972100 96.18 122120 648620 714880 4 0.00 0 -r Report memory and swap space utilization statistics. The following values are displayed: kbmemfree Amount of free memory available in kilobytes. 空闲内存（kilobytes） kbmemused Amount of used memory in kilobytes. This does not take into account memory used by the kernel itself. %memused Percentage of used memory. kbbuffers Amount of memory used as buffers by the kernel in kilobytes. kbcached Amount of memory used to cache data by the kernel in kilobytes. kbswpfree Amount of free swap space in kilobytes.空闲交换（kilobytes） kbswpused Amount of used swap space in kilobytes. %swpused Percentage of used swap space. kbswpcad Amount of cached swap memory in kilobytes. This is memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but still also is in the swap area (if memory is needed it doesn't need to be swapped out again because it is already in the swap area. This saves I/O).
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