Google Inception Net的改进：
①去除了最后的全连接层，用全局平均池化层；
②精心设计的Inception Module提高了参数利用效率
1x1的卷积是一个非常优秀的结构，它可以跨通道组织信息，提高网络的表达能力，同时可以对输出通道升维和降维。
Inception Modeule中包含了不同尺寸的卷积和一个最大池化，增加了网络对不同尺度的适应性。
Hebbian原理：一起发射的神经元会连在一起，学习过程中的刺激会是神经元间的突触强度增加。
在同一空间但在不同通道的卷积核的输出结果相关性极高，这就是1x1卷积被频繁使用的原因。
③使用到了辅助分类节点：将中间某一层的输出用作分类，并按一个较小的权重(0.3)加到最终分类结果中。这样相当于做了模型融合，同时给网络增加了反向传播的梯度信号，也提供了额外的正则化。
④使用了一步的SGD训练，学习速率每迭代八个epoch降低4%/采用数据增强的方法，在不同的采样数据上训练七个模型进行融合。
V2:
Batch Normalization方法：对每一个mnni-batch数据的内部进行标准化处理，使输出规范到N(0,1)的正态分布，减少了内部神经元分布的改变。同时增大学习速率并加快学习衰减速度以使用BN规范化后的数据；去除Dropout并减轻L2正则;去除LRN;减少数据增强过程中对数据的光学畸变；更彻底的shuffle
V3的改进：
Factorization into small convolutions:将一个较大的二维卷积拆成两个较小的一维卷积
代码：
#%%
# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
import tensorflow as tf
slim = tf.contrib.slim
#产生截断的正态分布
trunc_normal = lambda stddev: tf.truncated_normal_initializer(0.0, stddev)
#生成网络的卷及部分
#input:输入的图片数据的tensor
#scope:包含了函数默认参数的变量
def inception_v3_base(inputs, scope=None):
#用于保存某些关键节点供之后使用
end_points = {}
with tf.variable_scope(scope, 'InceptionV3', [inputs]):
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.max_pool2d, slim.avg_pool2d],
stride=1, padding='VALID'):
# 299 x 299 x 3
#inputs:输入的tensorm;32:输出的通道数;[3,3]卷积核尺寸；padding模式为'VAILD'
net = slim.conv2d(inputs, 32, [3, 3], stride=2, scope='Conv2d_1a_3x3')
#后面的几个卷积层采用相同的形式，但步长都为1（默认值）
# 149 x 149 x 32
net = slim.conv2d(net, 32, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_2a_3x3')
# 147 x 147 x 32
net = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [3, 3], padding='SAME', scope='Conv2d_2b_3x3')
# 147 x 147 x 64
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, scope='MaxPool_3a_3x3')
# 73 x 73 x 64
net = slim.conv2d(net, 80, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_3b_1x1')
# 73 x 73 x 80.
net = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_4a_3x3')
# 71 x 71 x 192.
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, scope='MaxPool_5a_3x3')
# 35 x 35 x 192.
# 三个Inception blocks
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.max_pool2d, slim.avg_pool2d],
stride=1, padding='SAME'):
# mixed: 35 x 35 x 256.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_5b'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 48, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 64, [5, 5], scope='Conv2d_0b_5x5')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 32, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
#四个分之的通道数之和64+64+96+32
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_1: 35 x 35 x 288.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_5c'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 48, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 64, [5, 5], scope='Conv_1_0c_5x5')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_2: 35 x 35 x 288.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_5d'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 48, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 64, [5, 5], scope='Conv2d_0b_5x5')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
#第二个模块组
# mixed_3: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6a'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 384, [3, 3], stride=2,
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_1a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 96, [3, 3], stride=2,
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_1a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, padding='VALID',
scope='MaxPool_1a_3x3')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2], 3)
# mixed4: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6b'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 128, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x7')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0e_1x7')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_5: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6c'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 160, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x7')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0e_1x7')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_6: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6d'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 160, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x7')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0e_1x7')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_7: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6e'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x7')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0e_1x7')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
#将Mixed_6e存储于end_points中，作为AuxiliaryClassifier辅助模型的分类
end_points['Mixed_6e'] = net
# mixed_8: 8 x 8 x 1280.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_7a'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(branch_0, 320, [3, 3], stride=2,
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_1a_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [3, 3], stride=2,
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_1a_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, padding='VALID',
scope='MaxPool_1a_3x3')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2], 3)
# mixed_9: 8 x 8 x 2048.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_7b'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 320, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 384, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = tf.concat([
slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [1, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x3'),
slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [3, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x1')], 3)
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 448, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(
branch_2, 384, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = tf.concat([
slim.conv2d(branch_2, 384, [1, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x3'),
slim.conv2d(branch_2, 384, [3, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_3x1')], 3)
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(
branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_10: 8 x 8 x 2048.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_7c'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 320, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 384, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = tf.concat([
slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [1, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x3'),
slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [3, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_3x1')], 3)
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 448, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(
branch_2, 384, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = tf.concat([
slim.conv2d(branch_2, 384, [1, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x3'),
slim.conv2d(branch_2, 384, [3, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_3x1')], 3)
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(
branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
return net, end_points
def inception_v3(inputs,
num_classes=1000,
is_training=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.8,
#最后用来分类的函数
prediction_fn=slim.softmax,
#是否进行squeeze操作（即去除维数为 的维度，比如5x3x1转为5x3)
spatial_squeeze=True,
#是否对网络和Variable进行重复使用
reuse=None,
#包含可函数默认参数的环境
scope='InceptionV3'):
with tf.variable_scope(scope, 'InceptionV3', [inputs, num_classes],
reuse=reuse) as scope:
with slim.arg_scope([slim.batch_norm, slim.dropout],
is_training=is_training):
#最后一层的输出和重要节点的字典表end_points
net, end_points = inception_v3_base(inputs, scope=scope)
# Auxiliary Head logits辅助节点的分类
#设置卷积，最大池化，平均池化的默认步长设为1，padding模式设置为same
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.max_pool2d, slim.avg_pool2d],
stride=1, padding='SAME'):
#通过end_points取到Mixed_6e
aux_logits = end_points['Mixed_6e']
#连接一个5x5的平均吃层
with tf.variable_scope('AuxLogits'):
aux_logits = slim.avg_pool2d(
aux_logits, [5, 5], stride=3, padding='VALID',
scope='AvgPool_1a_5x5')
#接下来是两层卷积层，分别是1x1和5x5
aux_logits = slim.conv2d(aux_logits, 128, [1, 1],
scope='Conv2d_1b_1x1')
# Shape of feature map before the final layer.
aux_logits = slim.conv2d(
aux_logits, 768, [5,5],
weights_initializer=trunc_normal(0.01),
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_2a_5x5')
#输出为1000
aux_logits = slim.conv2d(
aux_logits, num_classes, [1, 1], activation_fn=None,
normalizer_fn=None, weights_initializer=trunc_normal(0.001),
scope='Conv2d_2b_1x1')
#消除前两个为1的维度
if spatial_squeeze:
aux_logits = tf.squeeze(aux_logits, [1, 2], name='SpatialSqueeze')
#将辅助分类节点的输出aux_logits储存到字典表end_points中
end_points['AuxLogits'] = aux_logits
# Final pooling and prediction
with tf.variable_scope('Logits'):
#对Mixed_7e的输出进行8x8全局平均池化
net = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [8, 8], padding='VALID',
scope='AvgPool_1a_8x8')
# 1 x 1 x 2048
net = slim.dropout(net, keep_prob=dropout_keep_prob, scope='Dropout_1b')
end_points['PreLogits'] = net
# 2048
logits = slim.conv2d(net, num_classes, [1, 1], activation_fn=None,
normalizer_fn=None, scope='Conv2d_1c_1x1')
if spatial_squeeze:
logits = tf.squeeze(logits, [1, 2], name='SpatialSqueeze')
# 1000
end_points['Logits'] = logits
end_points['Predictions'] = prediction_fn(logits, scope='Predictions')
return logits, end_points
#参数意义
#weight_decay:l2正则的weight_decay
#stdtdev:标准差
#
def inception_v3_arg_scope(weight_decay=0.00004,
stddev=0.1,
batch_norm_var_collection='moving_vars'):
batch_norm_params = {
'decay': 0.9997,#衰减系数
'epsilon': 0.001,
'updates_collections': tf.GraphKeys.UPDATE_OPS,
'variables_collections': {
'beta': None,
'gamma': None,
'moving_mean': [batch_norm_var_collection],
'moving_variance': [batch_norm_var_collection],
}
}
#非常有用的工具，可以给函数的参数自动赋予某些默认值
#对slim.conv2d,slim.fully_connected自动赋值
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected],
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(weight_decay)):
#对卷积层生成参数slim.conv2d的几个参数赋予默认值
with slim.arg_scope(
[slim.conv2d],
weights_initializer=trunc_normal(stddev),#权重初始化器
activation_fn=tf.nn.relu,#激活函数
normalizer_fn=slim.batch_norm,#标准化器
normalizer_params=batch_norm_params) as sc:
return sc
from datetime import datetime
import math
import time
def time_tensorflow_run(session, target, info_string):
num_steps_burn_in = 10
total_duration = 0.0
total_duration_squared = 0.0
for i in range(num_batches + num_steps_burn_in):
start_time = time.time()
_ = session.run(target)
duration = time.time() - start_time
if i >= num_steps_burn_in:
if not i % 10:
print ('%s: step %d, duration = %.3f' %
(datetime.now(), i - num_steps_burn_in, duration))
total_duration += duration
total_duration_squared += duration * duration
mn = total_duration / num_batches
vr = total_duration_squared / num_batches - mn * mn
sd = math.sqrt(vr)
print ('%s: %s across %d steps, %.3f +/- %.3f sec / batch' %
(datetime.now(), info_string, num_batches, mn, sd))
batch_size = 32
height, width = 299, 299
inputs = tf.random_uniform((batch_size, height, width, 3))
with slim.arg_scope(inception_v3_arg_scope()):
logits, end_points = inception_v3(inputs, is_training=False)
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
num_batches=100
time_tensorflow_run(sess, logits, "Forward")
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