MySQL 数据库的字符集简介

对于拉丁系语言，比如英语，每个字母只需要 1 个字节来存储，称为单字符集。其他一些语言，比如汉语，日语，韩语等，每个字符的存储需要多个字节，这类字符集被称为多字符集。

查询数据库服务器版本：

mysql> SELECT VERSION();
+-----------+
| VERSION() |
+-----------+
| 8.0.11    |
+-----------+
1 row in set

mysql> 

查看数据库服务器支持的字符集，查询结果中第四列maxlen大于1，那么该字符集为多字符集：

mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                     | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian              | armscii8_general_ci |      1 |
| ascii    | US ASCII                        | ascii_general_ci    |      1 |
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese        | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| binary   | Binary pseudo charset           | binary              |      1 |
| cp1250   | Windows Central European        | cp1250_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1251   | Windows Cyrillic                | cp1251_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1256   | Windows Arabic                  | cp1256_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1257   | Windows Baltic                  | cp1257_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European               | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| cp852    | DOS Central European            | cp852_general_ci    |      1 |
| cp866    | DOS Russian                     | cp866_general_ci    |      1 |
| cp932    | SJIS for Windows Japanese       | cp932_japanese_ci   |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European               | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| eucjpms  | UJIS for Windows Japanese       | eucjpms_japanese_ci |      3 |
| euckr    | EUC-KR Korean                   | euckr_korean_ci     |      2 |
| gb18030  | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci  |      4 |
| gb2312   | GB2312 Simplified Chinese       | gb2312_chinese_ci   |      2 |
| gbk      | GBK Simplified Chinese          | gbk_chinese_ci      |      2 |
| geostd8  | GEOSTD8 Georgian                | geostd8_general_ci  |      1 |
| greek    | ISO 8859-7 Greek                | greek_general_ci    |      1 |
| hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew               | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European                | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| keybcs2  | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak      | keybcs2_general_ci  |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian           | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| koi8u    | KOI8-U Ukrainian                | koi8u_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European            | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
| latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European     | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
| latin5   | ISO 8859-9 Turkish              | latin5_turkish_ci   |      1 |
| latin7   | ISO 8859-13 Baltic              | latin7_general_ci   |      1 |
| macce    | Mac Central European            | macce_general_ci    |      1 |
| macroman | Mac West European               | macroman_general_ci |      1 |
| sjis     | Shift-JIS Japanese              | sjis_japanese_ci    |      2 |
| swe7     | 7bit Swedish                    | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| tis620   | TIS620 Thai                     | tis620_thai_ci      |      1 |
| ucs2     | UCS-2 Unicode                   | ucs2_general_ci     |      2 |
| ujis     | EUC-JP Japanese                 | ujis_japanese_ci    |      3 |
| utf16    | UTF-16 Unicode                  | utf16_general_ci    |      4 |
| utf16le  | UTF-16LE Unicode                | utf16le_general_ci  |      4 |
| utf32    | UTF-32 Unicode                  | utf32_general_ci    |      4 |
| utf8     | UTF-8 Unicode                   | utf8_general_ci     |      3 |
| utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode                   | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci  |      4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set

mysql> 

查看当前数据库的字符集：

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character%';
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                                                   |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                                                    |
| character_set_connection | utf8                                                    |
| character_set_database   | utf8                                                    |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                                                  |
| character_set_results    | utf8                                                    |
| character_set_server     | utf8                                                    |
| character_set_system     | utf8                                                    |
| character_sets_dir       | D:\Programmer\mysql\mysql-8.0.11-winx64\share\charsets\ |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
8 rows in set

mysql> 

查看当前数据库的排序方式：

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'collation_%';
+----------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name        | Value           |
+----------------------+-----------------+
| collation_connection | utf8_general_ci |
| collation_database   | utf8_general_ci |
| collation_server     | utf8_general_ci |
+----------------------+-----------------+
3 rows in set

mysql> 

修改指定数据库的默认字符集，比如设置数据库 bank 的字符集为 utf8：

ALTER DATABASE bank CHARACTER SET utf8;

可以单独为表中某一列设置专用字符集，比如建表的时候设置 username 列为 utf8mb4：

`username` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 NOT NULL,

对于utf8和utf8mb4字符集，有以下注意事项：

• 国际上的UTF-8，在 MySQL 中，对标的是uft8mb4。
• 在 MySQL 中，实际只有utf8mb3和utf8mb4。utf8目前是utf8mb3的别名，在未来的版本中可能会变为uft8mb4的别名。

mb3 maximun of 3 bytes per multibyte character.
mb3表示每个多字节字符的最大3字节。
mb4 maximun of 4 bytes per multibyte character.
mb4表示每个多字节字符的最大4字节。