数据库技术离不开数据库环境搭建。在讨论搭建环境之前，我先推荐一篇文章给大家：首席架构师白鳝：运维的进阶与哲学之道。这篇文章对我影响很大，在我还只是个纯粹单一技术思想的IT男时，它让我的思维格局都得到极大的提升。
这篇文章和数据库搭建的关系
可能有些小伙伴心里会有疑问：不就是个MySQL数据库搭建吗？如此简单的内容，而且网上文档满天飞。说好的尽量不讲网上已经存在的重复知识点呢？而且你讲搭建就专心讲，扯上面那些干嘛？就想说明你多崇拜白总吗？（没错，我确实极度崇拜他。）
我先简单解释下：本篇确实主讲MySQL搭建，但是我会在搭建时融入上述文章中提到的思想，这将使搭建更精益化、规范化，且更容易实现自动化甚至智能化。后续也会引申出不少基于这个搭建模式的知识及思想。我不想只分享纯粹的技术知识，我觉得规范化，架构化等思想更为重要。也希望小伙伴们通过我的分享，能将普通的技术知识应用到企业级的架构中去。
下面将分享一下我的搭建方法，可能大家会觉得步骤和常规的比起来略显繁琐，但为了更标准化、规范化，部分操作在手动操作的情况下是无法避免的。不过由于实现了标准化，这会让后续的自动化实现起来更加容易，所以也无需过于纠结操作的繁琐。
MySQL二进制规范搭建步骤
注意：命令行头标识如下：# 表示root用户执行
$ 表示mysql用户执行
mysql> 表示myql命令行执行
1、规范信息：
| 内容 | 规范 |
|---|---|
| 版本选择 | Linux 7 5.6版本：5.6.44 5.7版本：5.7.26 |
| 主机配置 | 4~32核 8~512G |
| 卷规划 | 软件卷：/mysql 数据卷：/mydata/${PORT} LVM管理，且软件卷和数据卷需分开，不同mysql端口实例的data卷也需分开 |
| 数据库目录 | /mydata/$PORT 通过对应端口号进行区分，且在此存放如下信息： my${PORT}.cnf文件 data目录：存放数据文件 log 目录：存放slowlog、binlog等日志文件 var 目录：存放socket等文件 tmp 目录：存放临时文件 |
| 软件目录 | 5.6版本：/mysql/rdbms/5.6.44 5.7版本：/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26 用于存放相应版本的软件 |
| 工具目录 | 工具脚本目录：/mysql/tools/script 用于存放各类工具以及脚本，比如： crontab脚本、pt、orzdba、dbs、xtrabackup等 工具日志目录：/mysql/tools/log 用于存放工具生成的日志 |
| 域名规划 | 生产：<dbname>.pmysql.*.com.cn 灾备：<dbname>.smysql.*.com.cn 测试：<dbname>.mystg.*.com.cn |
| 端口号规划 | 生产/备库/灾备：3308-3398 测试：3408-3498 |
注：下面搭建以3308端口为例
2、划盘
2.1 查看硬盘和分区信息
# fdisk -l2.2 找到新盘，创建pv
# pvcreate /dev/vdb2.3 创建vg
# vgcreate vg01 /dev/vdb2.4 在刚才新建的vg上创建10G的swap的lv分区，并初始化启动
# lvcreate -L 10240 -n lv_swap vg01
# mkswap /dev/mapper/vg01-lv_swap
# swapon /dev/mapper/vg01-lv_swap2.5 创建50G大小的软件卷lv
# lvcreate -L 50000 -n lv_rdbms vg012.6 将vg的剩余空间全部给新建的数据卷lv
# lvcreate -l +100%Free -n lv_data vg012.7 格式化创建对应lv的文件系统
# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/vg01-lv_data
# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/vg01-lv_rdbms2.8 创建挂载点
# mkdir /mysql
# mkdir -p /mydata/33082.9 将相关卷写入/etc/fstab后mount -a
# echo "/dev/mapper/vg01-lv_rdbms /mysql xfs defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
# echo "/dev/mapper/vg01-lv_data /mydata/3308 xfs defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
# mount -a3、创建用户和组
创建MySQL用户和组，规范gid和uid便于避免迁移后出现特殊异常
# groupadd -g 1101 mysql
# useradd -g mysql -u 1102 mysql
# chown -R mysql:mysql /mysql
# chown -R mysql:mysql /mydata4、调整系统参数
4.1 调整sysctl.conf
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf vm.swappiness = 0
net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_stale_time = 120
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 5000
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 1024
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1
kernel.sysrq = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range=40000 65535
net.core.wmem_default = 87380
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.core.rmem_default = 87380
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
kernel.shmmax = 4294967295
fs.nr_open=20480000
fs.aio-max-nr = 10485764.2 调整limits.conf
确认/etc/security/limits.conf值大于如下值
# cat /etc/security/limits.conf
* soft nofile 65535
* hard nofile 655354.3 参数生效
# sysctl -p5、yum包安装
# yum -y install gcc* libaio numactl autoconf如果需要安装orzdba工具，则需多yum如下包
# yum -y install \*perl5\* perl-Test-Simple.x86_64 perl-Time-HiRes perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker perl-DBD-MySQL perl-DBI perl-Module-Build6、创建目录
注意：此文档的端口以3308为例，实际端口号请以规范和需求为准
# su – mysql
$ mkdir -p /mysql/tools/script
$ mkdir -p /mysql/tools/log
$ mkdir -p /mysql/rdbms/
$ mkdir -p /mydata/3308/
$ cd /mydata/3308
$ mkdir tmp var log data7、数据库实例信息配置
注意：使用实际端口与版本号。格式为：
端口号:实例名:版本号
$ vi /mysql/tools/script/db_info.txt
3308:mytest:/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26目的：可在此文件下添加多行同格式信息，用于多套mysql共存同一主机的架构。
可以通过db_info.txt以及下一步的.db_profile文件进行同主机下多套数据库的环境变量切换
8、环境变量文件
$ cd
$ vi .db_profile
#.db_profile
#!/bin/sh
awk -F: '{print $1":"$2":"$3}' /mysql/tools/script/db_info.txt
if [ ! "$1" = "" ];then
PORT=$1
else
echo -n "Please Enter database port:";
read PORT;
fi
if [ "$PORT" = "" ]; then
echo "you havn't Enter your mysql port!";
unset MYSQL_SERVER_NAME;
unset PORT;
else if awk -F: '{print $1}' /mysql/tools/script/db_info.txt|grep -w $PORT
then
export MYSQL_SERVER_NAME=`awk -F: '{if ($1 == "'$PORT'") {print $2; exit}}' /mysql/tools/script/db_info.txt`
export MYSQL_HOME=`awk -F: '{if ($1 == "'$PORT'") {print $3; exit}}' /mysql/tools/script/db_info.txt`
stty erase "^H"
stty erase "^?"
umask 022
MYSQL_DATA=/mydata/${PORT}/data
MYSQL_LOG=/mydata/${PORT}/log
TEMP=/tmp
TERM=linux
EDITOR=vi
PATH=$MYSQL_HOME/bin:$PATH
export PATH MYSQL_HOME MYSQL_DATA MYSQL_LOG TERM EDITOR TEMP
alias mysqld_mm="mysqld_unsafe --read_only=0 &"
alias mysqld_ms="mysqld_unsafe &"
alias mysql-l="${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysql --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock"
alias mysqldump="${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysqldump --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock"
alias mysql_start="cd ${MYSQL_HOME}&&./bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/mydata/${PORT}/my${PORT}.cnf &"
alias mysql_shutdown="${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -p --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock shutdown"
alias mysql="${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysql --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock"
#alias mysqladmin="${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysqladmin --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock"
alias xtrabackup="/mysql/tools/xtrabackup/bin/xtrabackup --defaults-file=/mydata/${PORT}/my${PORT}.cnf --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock"
alias myqps="${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysqladmin --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -h localhost extended-status -r -i 1 | grep \"Questions\""
alias mytps="${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysqladmin --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -h localhost extended-status -r -i 1 | grep -E \"Com_commit\""
alias mydml="${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysqladmin --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -h localhost extended-status -r -i 1 | grep -E \"Com_insert|Com_update|Com_delete\""
alias orzdba="/mysql/tools/script/orzdba -lazy -rt -T -S /mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock 2>/dev/null"
alias mystat="sh /mysql/tools/script/mystat.sh --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock"
#check mysql status
MYSQLD_EXIST=`ps -ef|grep mysqld|grep $PORT |wc -l`
if [ "$MYSQLD_EXIST" = "2" ];then
echo "MySQL server IS running!"
MASTER_EXIST=`${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysql --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -e "show master status \G"|grep mysql-bin |wc -l`
SLAVE_EXIST=`${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysql --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -e "show slave status \G"|grep Yes|wc -l`
SLAVE_NUM=`${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysql --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -e "show slave status \G"|wc -l`
READ_ONLY=`${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysql --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -e "show global variables like '%read_only%'"|grep ON|wc -l`
tmpv=`${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysql --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -Ns -e "show global variables like 'read_only%'" | awk '{print $2}'`
dbstat=`${MYSQL_HOME}/bin/mysql --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/${PORT}/var/mysql.sock -e "show databases"| grep -vE 'information_schema|mysql|test|performance_schema|Database'|paste -sd, |sed 's/,/, /g'`
if [ "$MASTER_EXIST" = "1" ] && [ "$SLAVE_EXIST" = "2" ] && [ "$READ_ONLY" = "1" ];then
MYSQL_STATUS="MM-ReadOnly"
elif [ "$MASTER_EXIST" = "1" ] && [ "$SLAVE_EXIST" = "2" ] && [ "$READ_ONLY" = "0" ];then
MYSQL_STATUS="MM-Writable"
elif [ "$MASTER_EXIST" = "1" ] && [ "$SLAVE_EXIST" = "0" ] && [ "$READ_ONLY" = "0" ];then
MYSQL_STATUS="MS-Master"
elif [ "$MASTER_EXIST" = "0" ] && [ "$SLAVE_EXIST" = "2" ] && [ "$READ_ONLY" = "1" ];then
MYSQL_STATUS="MS-Slave"
elif [ "$MASTER_EXIST" = "0" ] && [ "$SLAVE_EXIST" = "0" ] && [ "$READ_ONLY" = "0" ];then
MYSQL_STATUS="M-Single"
elif [ "$MASTER_EXIST" = "0" ] && [ "$SLAVE_EXIST" = "0" ] && [ "$READ_ONLY" = "1" ] && [ "$SLAVE_NUM" = "0" ];then
MYSQL_STATUS="INIT"
else
echo "Strang status! Please check immediately!"
MYSQL_STATUS="CHECK"
fi
elif [ "$MYSQLD_EXIST" = "0" ];then
echo "MySQL server IS NOT running!"
MYSQL_STATUS="No-Mysql"
else
echo "Multi-server?! Please check immediately!"
MYSQL_STATUS="CHECK"
fi
#check mysql status finished
if [ -f ~/.color ]; then
. ~/.color
fi
if [ "$tmpv" = "ON" ]; then
dbrole='S'
elif [ "$tmpv" = "OFF" ]; then
dbrole='M'
else
dbrole='norole'
ce=$C423
fi
PS1="[$C241$MYSQL_STATUS$C0-$C281$MYSQL_SERVER_NAME$C0:$C171$PORT$C0$C261@$C171\H $C0\w $C211\t$C0]\n\$ ";
export PS1
else
echo "The mysql port not exist in /mysql/tools/script/db_info.txt."
echo "Please check your port in db_info.txt."
unset MYSQL_SERVER_NAME;
unset PORT
unset MYSQL_DATA
unset MYSQL_LOG
PS1="\H no-mysql \t> "
fi
fi9、加载对应端口的环境变量
可以通过输入的端口号切换到对应的mysql实例环境
$ . .db_profile 3308
3308:mytest:/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26
3308
MySQL server IS NOT running!10、软件包下载
https://cdn.mysql.com/archives/mysql-5.7/mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
11、软件安装
$ tar xzvf mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /mysql/rdbms
$ cd /mysql/rdbms
$ mv mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 5.7.26
$ chown mysql:mysql -R 5.7.2612、构造5.7标准my.cnf文件
$ vi /mydata/3308/my3308.cnf
[client]
socket = /mydata/3308/var/mysql.sock
port = 3308
[mysqld]
############# GENERAL #############
autocommit = ON
character_set_server = UTF8MB4
collation_server = UTF8MB4_BIN
explicit_defaults_for_timestamp = ON
lower_case_table_names = 1
port = 3308
read_only = OFF
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
####### CACHES AND LIMITS #########
interactive_timeout = 600
lock_wait_timeout = 50
max_allowed_packet = 32M
max_connect_errors = 10000
max_connections = 3000
max_user_connections = 2000
sort_buffer_size = 2M
table_definition_cache = 600
table_open_cache = 400
table_open_cache_instances = 1
thread_cache_size = 9
thread_stack = 256K
tmp_table_size = 32M
############# SAFETY ##############
local_infile = OFF
###have slave add semisync_master.so;semisync_slave.so
plugin-load = "validate_password.so;semisync_master.so;semisync_slave.so"
##plugin-load = "validate_password.so"
skip_name_resolve = ON
sql_mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
############# LOGGING #############
general_log = 0
log_queries_not_using_indexes = ON
log_slow_admin_statements = ON
log_warnings = 2
long_query_time = 1
slow_query_log = ON
############# REPLICATION #############
binlog_checksum = CRC32
binlog_format = ROW
binlog_rows_query_log_events = ON
enforce_gtid_consistency = ON
expire_logs_days = 7
gtid_mode = ON
log_slave_updates = ON
master_info_repository = TABLE
master_verify_checksum = ON
max_binlog_size = 256M
relay_log_info_repository = TABLE
server_id = 4061333081
skip_slave_start = ON
slave_net_timeout = 4
slave_sql_verify_checksum = ON
sync_binlog = 1
sync_master_info = 10000
sync_relay_log = 10000
sync_relay_log_info = 10000
binlog_group_commit_sync_delay=1
binlog_group_commit_sync_no_delay_count = 10
binlog_order_commits=off
####have slave use semi sync
#rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled = 1
#rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled = 1
#rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout = 1000
############### PATH ##############
basedir = /mysql/rdbms/5.7.26
datadir = /mydata/3308/data
tmpdir = /mydata/3308/tmp
socket = /mydata/3308/var/mysql.sock
pid_file = /mydata/3308/var/mysql.pid
innodb_data_home_dir = /mydata/3308/data
log_error = /mydata/3308/log/error.log
general_log_file = /mydata/3308/log/general.log
slow_query_log_file = /mydata/3308/log/slow.log
log_bin = /mydata/3308/log/mysql-bin
log_bin_index = /mydata/3308/log/mysql-bin.index
relay_log = /mydata/3308/log/relay-log
relay_log_index = /mydata/3308/log/relay-log.index
############# INNODB #############
innodb_file_format = Barracuda
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1024M
innodb_log_file_size = 256M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 4
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
innodb_support_xa = ON
innodb_strict_mode = ON
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M;ibdata2:16M:autoextend
innodb_checksum_algorithm = strict_crc32
innodb_io_capacity = 180
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 5
key_buffer_size = 64M
read_buffer_size = 536870912
[mysql]
############# CLIENT #############
max_allowed_packet = 32M
socket = /mydata/3308/var/mysql.sock
default-character-set = utf8MB4
character_set_server = UTF8MB4
collation_server = utf8mb4_bin
[mysqldump]
max_allowed_packet = 32M13、创建数据库
$ cd /mysql/rdbms/5.7.26
$ ./bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/mydata/3308/my3308.cnf --user=mysql --initialize14、启动数据库
$ mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/mydata/3308/my3308.cnf &或者使用封装命令：
$ which mysql_start
$ mysql_start15、登录数据库
找到临时root密码并登录
$ grep "password" /mydata/3308/log/error.log
$ mysql -uroot -p 16、重置root密码
mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'Mytest.2020';17、创建监控用户
mysql> create user 'dbmonitor'@'%' identified by 'dBmonitor#2020';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit;18、安全登录配置
–login-path免密登录，本机所有localhost的root密码保持一致，则可共享使用
$ mysql_config_editor set --login-path=root --user=root --password
Enter password: --此处输入之前修改的密码
$ ll -a $HOME | grep login
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 100 May 6 14:01 .mylogin.cnf19、登录测试
使用封装命令进行登录测试
$ mysql-lmysql> show databases; 20、权限控制
5.7.26无需操作
主要目的是为了清除test数据库的权限，防止被恶意利用（比如恶意消耗cpu、内存、磁盘空间导致数据库异常）
mysql> drop database test;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 21、配置常用命令
$ vi /mysql/tools/script/mystat.sh
mysqladmin --login-path=root $1 -h localhost extended-status -i1| awk \
'BEGIN{flag=0;
print "";
print "---------------------|--------------|--- MySQL Command Status --|-- Buffer Pool Read --|--- Threads ---|";
print "--------Time---------| QPS TPS|select insert update delete| logical physical| conn run|";
print "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|"}
$2 ~ /Queries$/ {q=$4-lq;lq=$4;}
$2 ~ /Com_commit$/ {c=$4-lc;lc=$4;}
$2 ~ /Com_rollback$/ {r=$4-lr;lr=$4;}
$2 ~ /Com_select$/ {s=$4-ls;ls=$4;}
$2 ~ /Com_insert$/ {i=$4-li;li=$4;}
$2 ~ /Com_update$/ {u=$4-lu;lu=$4;}
$2 ~ /Com_delete$/ {d=$4-ld;ld=$4;}
$2 ~ /Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests$/ {il=$4-lil;lil=$4;}
$2 ~ /Innodb_buffer_pool_reads$/ {ip=$4-lip;lip=$4;}
$2 ~ /Uptime$/ && flag >= 0 {;}
$2 ~ /Threads_connected$/ {tc=$4;}
$2 ~ /Threads_running$/ {tr=$4;
if(flag==0){
flag=1; count=0
}else {
printf(" %s ",strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"));
printf("|%6d %6d ", q,c+r);
printf("|%6d %6d %6d %6d",s,i,u,d);
printf("|%10d %11d",il,ip);
printf("|%8d %6d|\n",tc,tr);
}
}'22、自动备份清理脚本
$ cd /mysql/tools/script
$ vi back_mylog.sh
#!/bin/sh
cd
for my_port in `cat /mysql/tools/script/db_info.txt |awk -F ':' '{print $1}'`
do
. ./profile $my_port
find /mydata/${my_port}/log -name "slow*.gz" -mtime +15 -exec rm {} \;
find /mydata/${my_port}/log -name "error*.gz" -mtime +15 -exec rm {} \;
cp /mydata/${my_port}/log/slow.log /mydata/${my_port}/log/slow`date +"%Y%m%d"`.log
if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
>/mydata/${my_port}/log/slow.log
gzip /mydata/${my_port}/log/slow`date +"%Y%m%d"`.log
echo "The slow log has been cleaned up"
else
echo "Error,slow log clean failed,check please"
fi
cp /mydata/${my_port}/log/error.log /mydata/${my_port}/log/error`date +"%Y%m%d"`.log
if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
>/mydata/${my_port}/log/error.log
gzip /mydata/${my_port}/log/error`date +"%Y%m%d"`.log
echo "The error log has been cleaned up"
else
echo "Error,error log clean failed,check please"
fi
done
echo "======================================================================================="23、配置crontab
$ cd $HOME
$ vi .cron_file
30 01 * * * /bin/sh /mysql/tools/script/back_mylog.sh >> /mysql/tools/log/back_mylog.log 2>&1
$ crontab .cron_file
$ crontab -l常用命令
切换到对应端口的环境变量
[root@localhost ~]# su - mysql
[mysql@localhost ~]$ . .db_profile
3308:mytest:/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26
Please Enter database port:3308
3308
MySQL server IS running!
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:24:49]登录数据库
$ which mysql-l
alias mysql-l='/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26/bin/mysql --login-path=root --socket=/mydata/3308/var/mysql.sock'
/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26/bin/mysql
$ mysql-l打印MySQL的一些常规性能指标
$ which mystat
alias mystat='sh /mysql/tools/script/mystat.sh --socket=/mydata/3308/var/mysql.sock'
/bin/sh
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:28:35]
$ mystat
---------------------|--------------|--- MySQL Command Status --|-- Buffer Pool Read --|--- Threads ---|
--------Time---------| QPS TPS|select insert update delete| logical physical| conn run|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
2020-07-04 22:28:38 | 1 0 | 0 0 0 0| 0 0| 1 1|
2020-07-04 22:28:39 | 1 0 | 0 0 0 0| 0 0| 1 1|
2020-07-04 22:28:40 | 1 0 | 0 0 0 0| 0 0| 1 1|
2020-07-04 22:28:40 | 1 0 | 0 0 0 0| 0 0| 1 1|停库
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:31:59]
$ ps -ef | grep -w mysqld | grep -v grep
mysql 29594 28565 1 22:31 pts/1 00:00:00 /mysql/rdbms/5.7.26/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/mydata/3308/my3308.cnf --basedir=/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26 --datadir=/mydata/3308/data --plugin-dir=/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26/lib/plugin --log-error=/mydata/3308/log/error.log --pid-file=/mydata/3308/var/mysql.pid --socket=/mydata/3308/var/mysql.sock --port=3308
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:00]
$ which mysql_shutdown
alias mysql_shutdown='/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -p --socket=/mydata/3308/var/mysql.sock shutdown'
/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26/bin/mysqladmin
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:06]
$ mysql_shutdown
Enter password:
2020-07-04T14:32:20.006299Z mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /mydata/3308/var/mysql.pid ended
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:20]
$ ps -ef | grep -w mysqld | grep -v grep
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:28]启库
$ which mysql_start
alias mysql_start='cd /mysql/rdbms/5.7.26&&./bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/mydata/3308/my3308.cnf &'
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:33]
$ mysql_start
[1] 29654
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:36]
$ 2020-07-04T14:32:37.327395Z mysqld_safe Logging to '/mydata/3308/log/error.log'.
2020-07-04T14:32:37.401277Z mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /mydata/3308/data
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:38]
$ ps -ef | grep -w mysqld | grep -v grep
mysql 30684 29655 11 22:32 pts/1 00:00:00 /mysql/rdbms/5.7.26/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/mydata/3308/my3308.cnf --basedir=/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26 --datadir=/mydata/3308/data --plugin-dir=/mysql/rdbms/5.7.26/lib/plugin --log-error=/mydata/3308/log/error.log --pid-file=/mydata/3308/var/mysql.pid --socket=/mydata/3308/var/mysql.sock --port=3308
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:41]
$
[MS-Master-mytest:3308@localhost.localdomain ~ 22:32:42]
$ mysql-l
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.26-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)总结
以上就是整体的搭建方案，如果还需新建mysql实例，只需在这个主机上再次按手册操作一遍即可，同版本的mysql软件可以共用，只需新增对应端口的mydata卷即可。
每次登录对应的数据库只需通过.db_profile的隐藏文件进行环境变量的切换，轻松且随意。毕竟现在的一台服务器一般不会只让你建一个实例在上面，那样太浪费了（虚拟机和云服务器不在此列）。
可能你会问这么做相当于把鸡蛋放在一个篮子里，一旦主机故障，或者单个库影响了其他库，那不是得不偿失？我之前也有这个疑问，不过都是可以解决的：如用Cgroup做资源限制，避免互相影响；用主从、keepalived、pacemaker、MHA、MGR、数据库中间件等架构避免主机异常影响全局。架构并非由单一的知识点组成，而是需要和其周边的产品功能融合，让整体更加完美。
本篇提及的搭建方法，能保证所有的资源配置、文件名、目录、版本、参数等都保持一定的标准化和规范化，这样能为后面的自动化、平台化甚至智能化提供一个良好基础。如果搭建的环境不标准、不规范，那么自动化就无从谈起。
今天就写到这，后续我会再讲讲这类搭建环境相关的拓展知识。
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