线程、进程和协程是什么
线程、进程和协程的详细概念解释和原理剖析不是本文的重点,本文重点讲述在Python中怎样实际使用这三种东西
参考: 进程、线程、协程之概念理解
**进程(Process)**是计算机中的程序关于某数据集合上的一次运行活动,是系统进行资源分配和调度的基本单位,是操作系统结构的基础。
线程,有时被称为轻量级进程(Lightweight Process,LWP),是程序执行流的最小单元。
**协程:**一个程序可以包含多个协程,可以对比于一个进程包含多个线程,因而下面我们来比较协程和线程:我们知道多个线程相对独立,有自己的上下文,切换受系统控制;而协程也相对独立,有自己的上下文,但是其切换由自己控制,由当前协程切换到其他协程由当前协程来控制。
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准备工作
磨刀不误砍柴工,在用实例讲解线程、进程和协程怎么使用之前,先准备一些工具:
实际上多线程、多进程和协程,都属于并发编程,并发编程的最重要的目标就是提高程序运行的效率,那么我们需要一个计算一个函数耗时长度的工具,用于对比不同方式程序的运行时间,这里我们写一个函数计时装饰器fn_timer来完成这件事:
def fn_timer(function):
'''
函数计时装饰器
:param function: 函数对象
:return: 装饰器
'''
@wraps(function)
def function_timer(*args,**kwargs):
# 起始时间
t0 = time.time()
# 调用函数
result = function(*args,**kwargs)
# 结束时间
t1 = time.time()
# 打印函数耗时
print '[finished function:{func_name} in {time:.2f}s]'.format(func_name = function.__name__,time = t1 - t0)
return result
return function_timer
该装饰器的用法示例:
# 测试
@fn_timer
def add(x,y):
time.sleep(1.22)
return x + y
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 测试
sum = add(1,2)
print sum
运行代码输出:
[finished function:test in 1.23s]
3
实际使用中,大规模爬虫程序很适合用并发来实现,所以我们再准备一些网址放在urls列表中,用于测试爬虫程序的效率(都是百度百科的一些词条页面):
# 20个网页
urls = ['https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B02.0',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/OpenBSD',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A%E5%99%A8',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F/71525',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/C%2B%2B',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B7%A8%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/Web/150564',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%BD%E8%80%85',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/Unix%20shell',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/TIOBE',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%AF%BE%E7%A8%8B',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/MATLAB',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/Perl']
整合:把函数计时装饰器和urls列表封装在一个类:utils.py中:
# coding:utf-8
from functools import wraps
import time
# 20个网页
urls = ['https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B02.0',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/OpenBSD',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A%E5%99%A8',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F/71525',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/C%2B%2B',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B7%A8%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/Web/150564',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%BD%E8%80%85',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/Unix%20shell',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/TIOBE',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%AF%BE%E7%A8%8B',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/MATLAB',
'https://baike.baidu.com/item/Perl']
def fn_timer(function):
'''
函数计时装饰器
:param function: 函数对象
:return: 装饰器
'''
@wraps(function)
def function_timer(*args,**kwargs):
# 起始时间
t0 = time.time()
# 调用函数
result = function(*args,**kwargs)
# 结束时间
t1 = time.time()
# 打印函数耗时
print '[finished function:{func_name} in {time:.2f}s]'.format(func_name = function.__name__,time = t1 - t0)
return result
return function_timer
# 测试
@fn_timer
def add(x,y):
time.sleep(1.22)
return x + y
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 测试
sum = add(1,2)
print sum
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:test in 1.23s]
3
'''
实例讲解多线程的用法
从听音乐、看电影讲起
我现在要做两件事情:听音乐、看电影,听一首音乐假如耗时1秒,看一部电影假如耗时5秒,用两个函数定义这两个任务如下:
# 耗时任务:听音乐
def music(name):
print 'I am listening to music {0}'.format(name)
time.sleep(1)
# 耗时任务:看电影
def movie(name):
print 'I am watching movie {0}'.format(name)
time.sleep(5)
假如我现在要听10首音乐、看2部电影,那么我就有如下几种方案:
方案一:先一个个听完10首音乐,再一个个看完2部电影,顺序完成,代码如下:
# 单线程操作:顺序执行听10首音乐,看2部电影
@fn_timer
def single_thread():
for i in range(10):
music(i)
for i in range(2):
movie(i)
让我们执行一下这段代码,输出如下:
I am listening to music 0
I am listening to music 1
I am listening to music 2
I am listening to music 3
I am listening to music 4
I am listening to music 5
I am listening to music 6
I am listening to music 7
I am listening to music 8
I am listening to music 9
I am watching movie 0
I am watching movie 1
[finished function:single_thread in 20.14s]
可以看到,老老实实严格按照先后顺序来一件件做这些事情,所需的总时间和每件事情耗时加起来是一样多的。
方案二:刚刚的方案不太好,太费时间了,那么能不能同时进行一些事情呢?答案是可以的,可以同时听多首音乐,同时看多部电影进行,代码如下:
# 多线程执行:听10首音乐,看2部电影
@fn_timer
def multi_thread():
# 线程列表
threads = []
for i in range(10):
# 创建一个线程,target参数为任务处理函数,args为任务处理函数所需的参数元组
threads.append(threading.Thread(target = music,args = (i,)))
for i in range(2):
threads.append(threading.Thread(target = movie,args = (i,)))
for t in threads:
# 设为守护线程
t.setDaemon(True)
# 开始线程
t.start()
for t in threads:
t.join()
执行上述代码,运行结果:
I am listening to music 0
I am listening to music 1
I am listening to music 2
I am listening to music 3
I am listening to music 4
I am listening to music 5
I am listening to music 6
I am listening to music 7
I am listening to music 8
I am listening to music 9
I am watching movie 0
I am watching movie 1
[finished function:multi_thread in 5.02s]
这次只用了5秒就完成了,完成效率显著提升。这次试用多线程执行多个任务,所有任务最终的总耗时 = 耗时最长的那个单个任务的耗时,即看一部电影的5秒钟时间。
方案三:使用线程池。上面使用多线程的方式比较繁琐,下面使用线程池来实现:
# 使用线程池执行:听10首音乐,看2部电影
@fn_timer
def use_pool():
# 设置线程池大小为20,如果不设置,默认值是CPU核心数
pool = Pool(20)
pool.map(movie,range(2))
pool.map(music,range(10))
pool.close()
pool.join()
执行结果:
I am listening to music 0
I am listening to music 1
I am listening to music 2
I am listening to music 3
I am listening to music 4
I am listening to music 5
I am listening to music 6
I am listening to music 7
I am listening to music 8
I am listening to music 9
I am watching movie 0
I am watching movie 1
[finished function:use_pool in 6.12s]
可以看出使用线程池反而比手工调度线程多耗时一秒钟,可能是因为线程池内部对线程的调度和线程切换的耗时造成的。
实例:使用多线程下载网页
话不多说,直接上代码,用多线程并发下载20个百度百科网页的实例代码及运行结果如下:
# coding:utf-8
# 测试多线程
import threading
import time
from utils import fn_timer
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool
import requests
from utils import urls
# 应用:使用单线程下载多个网页的内容
@fn_timer
def download_using_single_thread(urls):
resps = []
for url in urls:
resp = requests.get(url)
resps.append(resp)
return resps
# 应用:使用多线程下载多个网页的内容
@fn_timer
def download_using_multi_thread(urls):
threads = []
for url in urls:
threads.append(threading.Thread(target = requests.get,args = (url,)))
for t in threads:
t.setDaemon(True)
t.start()
for t in threads:
t.join()
# 应用:使用线程池下载多个网页的内容
@fn_timer
def download_using_pool(urls):
pool = Pool(20)
# 第一个参数为函数名,第二个参数一个可迭代对象,为函数所需的参数列表
resps = pool.map(requests.get,urls)
pool.close()
pool.join()
return resps
def main():
# 1.使用单线程
resps = download_using_single_thread(urls)
print len(resps)
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:download_using_single_thread in 6.18s]
20
'''
# 2. 使用多线程
download_using_multi_thread(urls)
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:download_using_multi_thread in 0.73s]
'''
# 3.使用线程池
resps = download_using_pool(urls)
print len(resps)
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:download_using_pool in 0.84s]
20
'''
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
实例讲解多进程的用法
多进程和进程池的使用
实例代码如下:
# coding:utf-8# 测试多进程import osimport timefrom multiprocessing import Process,Pool,Queuefrom utils import fn_timerimport random# 简单的任务@fn_timerdef do_simple_task(task_name): print 'Run child process {0}, task name is: {1}'.format(os.getpid(),task_name) time.sleep(1.2) return task_name@fn_timer# 1. 测试简单的多进程def test_simple_multi_process(): p1 = Process(target=do_simple_task, args=('task1',)) p2 = Process(target=do_simple_task, args=('task2',)) print 'Process will start...' p1.start() p2.start() p1.join() p2.join() print 'Process end.'@fn_timer# 2. 测试使用进程池def test_use_process_pool(): # 创建一个进程池,数字表示一次性同时执行的最大子进程数 pool = Pool(5) # 任务返回值列表 results = [] # 任务名称列表 task_names = [] for i in range(7): task_names.append('task{0}'.format(i)) # 并发执行多个任务,并获取任务返回值 results = pool.map_async(do_simple_task,task_names) print 'Many processes will start...' pool.close() pool.join() print 'All processes end, results is: {0}'.format(results.get())def main(): test_simple_multi_process() # 输出: ''' Process will start... Run child process 1524, task name is: task2 Run child process 1728, task name is: task1 [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] Process end. [finished function:test_simple_multi_process in 1.34s] ''' test_use_process_pool() # 输出: ''' Many processes will start... Run child process 7568, task name is: task0 Run child process 7644, task name is: task1 Run child process 7628, task name is: task2 Run child process 7620, task name is: task3 Run child process 7660, task name is: task4 [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] Run child process 7568, task name is: task5 [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] Run child process 7644, task name is: task6 [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] [finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s] All processes end, results is: ['task0', 'task1', 'task2', 'task3', 'task4', 'task5', 'task6'] [finished function:test_use_process_pool in 2.62s] '''if __name__ == '__main__': main()
进程之间的通信
进程间的通信采用队列来实现,实例代码如下:
# coding:utf-8
# 测试多进程
import os
import time
from multiprocessing import Process,Pool,Queue
from utils import fn_timer
import random
# 简单的任务
@fn_timer
def do_simple_task(task_name):
print 'Run child process {0}, task name is: {1}'.format(os.getpid(),task_name)
time.sleep(1.2)
return task_name
@fn_timer
# 1. 测试简单的多进程
def test_simple_multi_process():
p1 = Process(target=do_simple_task, args=('task1',))
p2 = Process(target=do_simple_task, args=('task2',))
print 'Process will start...'
p1.start()
p2.start()
p1.join()
p2.join()
print 'Process end.'
@fn_timer
# 2. 测试使用进程池
def test_use_process_pool():
# 创建一个进程池,数字表示一次性同时执行的最大子进程数
pool = Pool(5)
# 任务返回值列表
results = []
# 任务名称列表
task_names = []
for i in range(7):
task_names.append('task{0}'.format(i))
# 并发执行多个任务,并获取任务返回值
results = pool.map_async(do_simple_task,task_names)
print 'Many processes will start...'
pool.close()
pool.join()
print 'All processes end, results is: {0}'.format(results.get())
def main():
test_simple_multi_process()
# 输出:
'''
Process will start...
Run child process 1524, task name is: task2
Run child process 1728, task name is: task1
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
Process end.
[finished function:test_simple_multi_process in 1.34s]
'''
test_use_process_pool()
# 输出:
'''
Many processes will start...
Run child process 7568, task name is: task0
Run child process 7644, task name is: task1
Run child process 7628, task name is: task2
Run child process 7620, task name is: task3
Run child process 7660, task name is: task4
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
Run child process 7568, task name is: task5
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
Run child process 7644, task name is: task6
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
[finished function:do_simple_task in 1.20s]
All processes end, results is: ['task0', 'task1', 'task2', 'task3', 'task4', 'task5', 'task6']
[finished function:test_use_process_pool in 2.62s]
'''
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
实例讲解协程的用法
下面用协程下载同样的20个网页,实例代码如下:
# coding:utf-8
# 测试协程
import requests
import gevent
import utils
from utils import fn_timer
from gevent.pool import Pool
from gevent import monkey
# 打动态补丁,把标准库中的thread/socket等替换掉,让它们变成非阻塞的
monkey.patch_all()
session = requests.Session()
session.headers['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/34.0.1847.131 Safari/537.36'
@fn_timer
def download_using_single_thread(urls):
'''
顺序执行下载多个网页
:param urls: 要下载的网页内容
:return: 响应列表
'''
resps = []
for url in urls:
resps.append(session.get(url))
return resps
@fn_timer
def download_using_coroutine(urls):
'''
使用协程下载
:param urls: 要下载的网页内容
:return: 响应列表
'''
spawns = []
for url in urls:
spawns.append(gevent.spawn(session.get,url))
# 在遇到IO操作时,gevent会自动切换,并发执行(异步IO)
rets = gevent.joinall(spawns)
# joinall函数会返回gevent.greenlet.Greenlet对象的列表,如果想要获得每次调用session.get函数的返回结果,还需分别调用每个Greenlet对象的get函数
results = [ret.get() for ret in rets]
@fn_timer
def download_using_coroutine_pool(urls):
# 创建协程池,并设置最大并发量
pool = Pool(20)
# pool.map函数直接返回每次调用session.get函数返回的结果列表
rets = pool.map(session.get,urls)
def main():
# 1.使用单线程下载20个网页
download_using_single_thread(utils.urls)
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:download_using_single_thread in 1.83s]
'''
# 2.使用协程下载20个网页
download_using_coroutine(utils.urls)
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:download_using_coroutine in 0.69s]
'''
# 3.使用协程池下载20个网页
download_using_coroutine_pool(utils.urls)
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:download_using_coroutine_pool in 0.78s]
'''
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
可以发现,协程的效率也是非常高的。
多线程、多进程和协程并发效率的对比
下面分别使用线程池、进程池和协程池下载100个相同的网页,来对比其效率:
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# coding:utf-8
# 对比多线程、多进程和协程下载网页
import requests
import utils
from utils import fn_timer
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as thread_pool
from multiprocessing import Pool as process_pool
from gevent.pool import Pool as gevent_pool
from gevent import monkey
# 打动态补丁,把标准库中的thread/socket等替换掉,让它们变成非阻塞的
monkey.patch_all()
session = requests.Session()
session.headers['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/34.0.1847.131 Safari/537.36'
# 1. 使用线程池下载多个网页的内容
@fn_timer
def download_using_thread_pool(urls):
pool = thread_pool(100)
# 第一个参数为函数名,第二个参数一个可迭代对象,为函数所需的参数列表
resps = pool.map(session.get,urls)
pool.close()
pool.join()
return resps
# 2. 测试使用进程池
@fn_timer
def download_using_process_pool(urls):
# 创建一个进程池,数字表示一次性同时执行的最大子进程数
pool = process_pool(100)
# 任务返回值列表
results = []
# 并发执行多个任务,并获取任务返回值
results = pool.map_async(session.get,urls)
pool.close()
pool.join()
return results.get()
# 3. 使用协程池下载
@fn_timer
def download_using_coroutine_pool(urls):
# 创建协程池,并设置最大并发量
pool = gevent_pool(100)
pool.map(session.get,urls)
def main():
# 1. 使用线程池下载100个网页
download_using_thread_pool(utils.urls * 5)
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:download_using_thread_pool in 3.68s]
'''
# 2. 使用进程池下载100个网页
download_using_process_pool(utils.urls * 5)
# 输出:
'''
卡死了
'''
# 3.使用协程池下载20个网页
download_using_coroutine_pool(utils.urls * 5)
# 输出:
'''
[finished function:download_using_coroutine_pool in 3.46s]
'''
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()