文章目录
1、视图组件
1.1、作用
控制序列化器的执行(检验、保存、转换数据)
控制数据库查询的执行
1.2、视图继承关系
1.3、视图的方法与属性
2、2个视图基类
2.1、APIView
rest_framework.views.APIView
APIView是REST framework提供的所有视图的基类,继承自Django的View父类
2.1.1、APIView与View的不同之处
- 传入到视图方法中的是REST framework的Request对象,而不是Django的HttpRequeset对象
- 视图方法可以返回REST framework的Response对象,视图会为响应数据设置(render)符合前端要求的格式
- 任何APIException异常都会被捕获到,并且处理成合适的响应信息
- 在进行dispatch()分发前,会对请求进行身份认证、权限检查、流量控制
2.1.2、支持定义的类属性
- authentication_classes 列表或元祖,身份认证类
- permissoin_classes 列表或元祖,权限检查类
- throttle_classes 列表或元祖,流量控制类
在APIView中仍以常规的类视图定义方法来实现get() 、post() 或者其他请求方式的方法
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
# url(r'^students/$', views.StudentsAPIView.as_view()),
class StudentsAPIView(APIView):
def get(self, request):
data_list = Student.objects.all()
serializer = StudentModelSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
2.2、GenericAPIView[通用视图类]
rest_framework.generics.GenericAPIView
继承自APIVIew,主要增加了操作序列化器和数据库查询的方法,作用是为下面Mixin扩展类的执行提供方法支持,通常在使用时,可搭配一个或多个Mixin扩展类
2.2.1、属性
2.2.1.1、serializer_class 指明视图使用的序列化器
2.2.2、方法
2.2.2.1、get_serializer_class(self)
当出现一个视图类中调用多个序列化器时,那么可以通过条件判断在get_serializer_class方法中通过返回不同的序列化器类名就可以让视图方法执行不同的序列化器对象了
返回序列化器类,默认返回serializer_class,可以重写,例如:
def get_serializer_class(self):
if self.request.user.is_staff:
return FullAccountSerializer
return BasicAccountSerializer
2.2.2.2、get_serializer(self, args, *kwargs)
返回序列化器对象,主要用来提供给Mixin扩展类使用,如果我们在视图中想要获取序列化器对象,也可以直接调用此方法
注意,该方法在提供序列化器对象的时候,会向序列化器对象的context属性补充三个数据:request、format、view,这三个数据对象可以在定义序列化器时使用
- request 当前视图的请求对象
- view 当前请求的类视图对象
- format 当前请求期望返回的数据格式
2.2.3、提供的关于数据库查询的属性
2.2.3.1、queryset 指明使用的数据查询集
2.2.4、提供的关于数据库查询的方法
2.2.4.1、get_queryset(self)
返回视图使用的查询集,主要用来提供给Mixin扩展类使用,是列表视图与详情视图获取数据的基础,默认返回queryset属性,可以重写,例如:
def get_queryset(self):
user = self.request.user
return user.accounts.all()
2.2.4.2、get_object(self)
返回详情视图所需的模型类数据对象,主要用来提供给Mixin扩展类使用
在试图中可以调用该方法获取详情信息的模型类对象
若详情访问的模型类对象不存在,会返回404
该方法会默认使用APIView提供的check_object_permissions方法检查当前对象是否有权限被访问
举例:
# url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
class BookDetailView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def get(self, request, pk):
book = self.get_object() # get_object()方法根据pk参数查找queryset中的数据对象
serializer = self.get_serializer(book)
return Response(serializer.data)
2.2.5、其他可以设置的属性
- pagination_class 指明分页控制类
- filter_backends 指明过滤控制后端
2.2.6、示例
2.2.6.1、视图
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from students.models import Student
from .serializers import StudentModelSerializer, StudentModel2Serializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
class StudentsGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
# 本次视图类中要操作的数据[必填]
queryset = Student.objects.all()
# 本次视图类中要调用的默认序列化器[玄天]
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get(self, request):
"""获取所有学生信息"""
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_queryset(), many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
def post(self,request):
data = request.data
serializer = self.get_serializer(data=data)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
instance = serializer.save()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=instance)
return Response(serializer.data)
class StudentGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get_serializer_class(self):
"""重写获取序列化器类的方法"""
if self.request.method == "GET":
return StudentModel2Serializer
else:
return StudentModelSerializer
# 在使用GenericAPIView视图获取或操作单个数据时,视图方法中的代表主键的参数最好是pk
def get(self,request,pk):
"""获取一条数据"""
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_object())
return Response(serializer.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
data = request.data
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_object(),data=data)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
serializer.save()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance=self.get_object())
return Response(serializer.data)
2.2.6.2、序列化器类
from rest_framework import serializers
from students.models import Student
class StudentModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model= Student
fields = "__all__"
class StudentModel2Serializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model= Student
fields = ("name","class_null")
3、5个视图扩展类
3.1、作用
提供了几种后端视图(对数据资源进行曾删改查)处理流程的实现,如果需要编写的视图属于这五种,则视图可以通过继承相应的扩展类来复用代码,减少自己编写的代码量
这五个扩展类需要搭配GenericAPIView父类,因为五个扩展类的实现需要调用GenericAPIView提供的序列化器与数据库查询的方法
3.2、ListModelMixin
列表视图扩展类,提供list(request, *args, **kwargs)方法快速实现列表视图,返回200状态码
该Mixin的list方法会对数据进行过滤和分页
3.2.1、源代码
class ListModelMixin(object):
"""
List a queryset.
"""
def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 过滤
queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())
# 分页
page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset)
if page is not None:
serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
# 序列化
serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
3.2.2、示例
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class BookListView(ListModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def get(self, request):
return self.list(request)
3.3、CreateModelMixin
创建视图扩展类,提供create(request, *args, **kwargs)方法快速实现创建资源的视图,成功返回201状态码
如果序列化器对前端发送的数据验证失败,返回400错误
3.3.1、源代码
class CreateModelMixin(object):
"""
Create a model instance.
"""
def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取序列化器
serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
# 验证
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
# 保存
self.perform_create(serializer)
headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)
def perform_create(self, serializer):
serializer.save()
def get_success_headers(self, data):
try:
return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])}
except (TypeError, KeyError):
return {}
3.3.2、示例
from rest_framework.mixins import CreateModelMixin
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class Book(CreateModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
3.4、RetrieveModelMixin
详情视图扩展类,提供retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)方法,可以快速实现返回一个存在的数据对象
如果存在,返回200, 否则返回404
3.4.1、源代码
class RetrieveModelMixin(object):
"""
Retrieve a model instance.
"""
def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取对象,会检查对象的权限
instance = self.get_object()
# 序列化
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance)
return Response(serializer.data)
3.4.2、示例
from rest_framework.mixins import RetrieveModelMixin
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class BookDetailView(RetrieveModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def get(self, request, pk):
return self.retrieve(request)
3.5、UpdateModelMixin
更新视图扩展类,提供update(request, *args, **kwargs)方法,可以快速实现更新一个存在的数据对象
同时也提供partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)方法,可以实现局部更新
成功返回200,序列化器校验数据失败时,返回400错误
3.5.1、源代码
class UpdateModelMixin(object):
"""
Update a model instance.
"""
def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False)
instance = self.get_object()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance, data=request.data, partial=partial)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
self.perform_update(serializer)
if getattr(instance, '_prefetched_objects_cache', None):
# If 'prefetch_related' has been applied to a queryset, we need to
# forcibly invalidate the prefetch cache on the instance.
instance._prefetched_objects_cache = {}
return Response(serializer.data)
def perform_update(self, serializer):
serializer.save()
def partial_update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['partial'] = True
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
3.5.2、示例
from rest_framework.mixins import UpdateModelMixin
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class BookDetail(UpdateModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
3.6、DestroyModelMixin
删除视图扩展类,提供destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)方法,可以快速实现删除一个存在的数据对象
成功返回204,不存在返回404
3.6.1、源代码
class DestroyModelMixin(object):
"""
Destroy a model instance.
"""
def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
instance = self.get_object()
self.perform_destroy(instance)
return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
def perform_destroy(self, instance):
instance.delete()
3.6.2、示例
from rest_framework.mixins import DestroyModelMixin
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class BookDetail(DestroyModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
3.7、使用GenericAPIView和视图扩展类,实现api接口
"""GenericAPIView结合视图扩展类实现api接口"""
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin
class Students2GenericAPIView(GenericAPIView,ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin):
# 本次视图类中要操作的数据[必填]
queryset = Student.objects.all()
# 本次视图类中要调用的默认序列化器[玄天]
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get(self, request):
"""获取多个学生信息"""
return self.list(request)
def post(self,request):
"""添加学生信息"""
return self.create(request)
from rest_framework.mixins import RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
class Student2GenericAPIView(GenericAPIView,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
# 在使用GenericAPIView视图获取或操作单个数据时,视图方法中的代表主键的参数最好是pk
def get(self,request,pk):
"""获取一条数据"""
return self.retrieve(request,pk)
def put(self,request,pk):
"""更新一条数据"""
return self.update(request,pk)
def delete(self,request,pk):
"""删除一条数据"""
return self.destroy(request,pk)
4 、GenericAPIView的9个视图子类
4.1、CreateAPIView
提供 post 方法
继承自: GenericAPIView、CreateModelMixin
4.2、ListAPIView
提供 get 方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、ListModelMixin
4.3、ListCreateAPIView
提供 get 和 post方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、ListModelMixin、CreateModelMixin
4.4、RetrieveAPIView
提供 get 方法
继承自: GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin
4.5、DestoryAPIView
提供 delete 方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、DestoryModelMixin
4.6、UpdateAPIView
提供 put 和 patch 方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、UpdateModelMixin
4.7、RetrieveUpdateAPIView
提供 get、put、patch方法
继承自: GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin
4.8、RetrieveDestroyAPIView
提供 get 和 delete 方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin、DestoryModelMixin
4.9、RetrieveUpdateDestoryAPIView
提供 get、put、patch、delete方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin、DestoryModelMixin
4.10、示例
from rest_framework.generics import CreateAPIView, ListAPIView, ListCreateAPIView
from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveAPIView, UpdateAPIView, DestroyAPIView, RetrieveDestroyAPIView, RetrieveUpdateAPIView, RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
class Book(CreateAPIView): # 只允许新增,不可以查询
queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
class BookDetail(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView): # 查询一条修改删除都可以执行
queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
5、视图集ViewSet
使用视图集ViewSet,可以将一系列逻辑相关的动作放到一个类中:
- list() 提供一组数据
- retrieve() 提供单个数据
- create() 创建数据
- update() 保存数据
- destory() 删除数据
ViewSet视图集类不再实现get()、post()等方法,而是实现动作 action 如 list() 、create() 等
视图集只在使用as_view()方法的时候,才会将action动作与具体请求方式对应上,如:
class BookInfoViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):
def list(self, request):
books = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer = BookInfoSerializer(books, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):
try:
books = BookInfo.objects.get(id=pk)
except BookInfo.DoesNotExist:
return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
serializer = BookInfoSerializer(books)
return Response(serializer.data)
在设置路由时,我们可以如下操作:
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^books/$', BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get':'list'}),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})
]
5.1、常用视图集父类
5.1.1、ViewSet
继承自APIView与ViewSetMixin,作用也与APIView基本类似,提供了身份认证、权限校验、流量管理等
ViewSet主要通过继承ViewSetMixin来实现在调用as_view()时传入字典(如{‘get’:’list’})的映射处理工作
在ViewSet中,没有提供任何动作action方法,需要我们自己实现action方法
5.1.2、GenericViewSet
使用ViewSet通常并不方便,因为list、retrieve、create、update、destory等方法都需要自己编写,而这些方法与前面讲过的Mixin扩展类提供的方法同名,所以我们可以通过继承Mixin扩展类来复用这些方法而无需自己编写,但是Mixin扩展类依赖与GenericAPIView,所以还需要继承GenericAPIView
GenericViewSet就帮助我们完成了这样的继承工作,继承自GenericAPIView与ViewSetMixin,在实现了调用as_view()时传入字典(如{‘get’:‘list’})的映射处理工作的同时,还提供了GenericAPIView提供的基础方法,可以直接搭配Mixin扩展类使用
示例
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
class Student4ViewSet(GenericViewSet,ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
url的编写
urlpatterns = [
path("students7/", views.Student4ViewSet.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
re_path("students7/(?P<pk>\d+)/", views.Student4ViewSet.as_view({"get": "retrieve","put":"update","delete":"destroy"})),
]
5.1.3、ModelViewSet
继承自GenericViewSet,同时包括了ListModelMixin、RetrieveModelMixin、CreateModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin、DestoryModelMixin
5.1.4、ReadOnlyModelViewSet
继承自GenericViewSet,同时包括了ListModelMixin、RetrieveModelMixin
5.2、视图集中定义附加action动作
在视图集中,除了上述默认的方法动作外,还可以添加自定义动作
示例
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet,ReadOnlyModelViewSet
class StudentModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def login(self,request):
"""学生登录功能"""
return Response({"message":"登录成功"})
url的定义
urlpatterns = [
path("students8/", views.StudentModelViewSet.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
re_path("students8/(?P<pk>\d+)/",
views.StudentModelViewSet.as_view({"get": "retrieve", "put": "update", "delete": "destroy"})),
path("stu/login/",views.StudentModelViewSet.as_view({"get":"login"}))
]
5.3、action属性
在视图集中,我们可以通过action对象属性来获取当前请求视图集时的action动作是哪个
示例
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from students.models import Student
from .serializers import StudentModelSerializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
class StudentModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
def get_new_5(self,request):
"""获取最近添加的5个学生信息"""
# 操作数据库
print(self.action) # 获取本次请求的视图方法名
通过路由访问到当前方法中.可以看到本次的action就是请求的方法名
6、视图组件总结
# 两个基类
APIView
GenericAPIView: 有关数据库操作,queryset 和serializer_class
# 5个视图扩展类(rest_framework.mixins)
CreateModelMixin: create方法创建一条
DestroyModelMixin: destory方法删除一条
ListModelMixin: list方法获取所有
RetrieveModelMixin: retrieve获取一条
UpdateModelMixin: update修改一条
# 9个子类视图(rest_framework.generics)
CreateAPIView: 继承CreateModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有post方法,新增数据
DestroyAPIView: 继承DestroyModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有delete方法,删除数据
ListAPIView: 继承ListModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有get方法获取所有
UpdateAPIView: 继承UpdateModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有put和patch方法,修改数据
RetrieveAPIView: 继承RetrieveModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有get方法,获取一条
ListCreateAPIView: 继承ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有get获取所有,post方法新增
RetrieveDestroyAPIView: 继承RetrieveModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有get方法获取一条,delete方法删除
RetrieveUpdateAPIView: 继承RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有get获取一条,put,patch修改
RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView: 继承RetrieveModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,GenericAPIView,有get获取一条,put,patch修改,delete删除
#视图集
ViewSetMixin: 重写了as_view
ViewSet: 继承ViewSetMixin和APIView
GenericViewSet: 继承ViewSetMixin, generics.GenericAPIView
ModelViewSet: 继承mixins.CreateModelMixin,mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,mixins.UpdateModelMixin,mixins.DestroyModelMixin,mixins.ListModelMixin,GenericViewSet
ReadOnlyModelViewSet:继承mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,mixins.ListModelMixin,GenericViewSet