ai-人工智能的本质和未来_人工智能的历史-从一开始

ai-人工智能的本质和未来

In the seminal paper on AI, titled Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Alan Turing famously asked: “Can machines think?” — or, more accurately, can machines successfully imitate thought?

在 AI上的开创性的论文，题为计算机械和情报 ，阿兰·图灵著名的问题：“能思考的机器？” —或者，更准确地说，机器能否成功地模仿思想？

70 years later, the answer is still “no,” as a machine hasn’t passed the Turing test.

70年后，答案仍然是“否”，因为机器尚未通过图灵测试。

Turing clarifies that he’s interested in machines that “are intended to carry out any operations which could be done by a human computer.” In other words, he’s interested in complex digital machines.

图灵澄清说，他对“旨在执行人机可以完成的任何操作”的机器感兴趣。 换句话说，他对复杂的数字机器很感兴趣。

Since the achievement of a thinking digital machine is a matter of the evolution of machines, it reasons to start at the beginning of machine history.

由于思维型数字机器的实现与机器的发展有关，因此有理由从机器历史的起点入手。

机器的历史 (The History of Machines)

A machine is a device that does work. In engineering terms, work means transferring energy from one object to another. Machines enable us to apply more force, and/or do it more efficiently, resulting in more work being done.

机器是可以工作的设备。 用工程术语来说， 工作意味着将能量从一个物体传递到另一个物体。 机器使我们能够施加更多的力量，和/或更有效地执行它，从而完成更多的工作。

The evolution of Boston Dynamics’ robots from 2009 to 2019.

从2009年到2019年，波士顿动力机器人的发展历程。

Modern machines — like the above Boston Dynamics robot, Atlas — use hundreds of parts, including hydraulic joints, pistons, gears, valves, and so on to accomplish complex tasks, such as self-correcting stabilization, or even backflips.

现代机器(例如上面的Boston Dynamics机器人Atlas)使用数百个零件，包括液压接头，活塞，齿轮，阀门等，以完成复杂的任务，例如自校正稳定性，甚至是后空翻。

简单机器 (Simple Machines)

However, “simple machines” fit our earlier definition as well, including wheels, levers, pulleys, inclined planes, wedges, and screws. In fact, all mechanical machines are made of some combination of those six simple machines.

但是，“简单的机器”也符合我们之前的定义，包括轮子，杠杆，皮带轮，斜面，楔形和螺钉。 实际上，所有机械机器都是由这六个简单机器的某种组合制成的。

Atlas is not just a mechanical machine, but also a digital one.

Atlas不仅是机械机器，还是数字机器。

Simple mechanical machines are millions of years old. For instance, “stonecutting tools [a type of wedge] are as old as human society,” and archaeologists have found stone tools “from 1.5 to 2 million years ago.”

简单的机械机器已有几百万年的历史。 例如，“切石工具(一种楔子)与人类社会一样古老”， 考古学家发现 “从1.5到200万年前的石工具”。

复杂机器 (Complex Machines)

Combinations of simple machines could be used to make everything from a wheelbarrow to a bicycle to a mechanical robot.

简单的机械组合可以用来制造从独轮车到自行车再到机械机器人的所有物品。

In fact, records of mechanical robots date back to over 3,000 years ago.

实际上，机械机器人的记录可以追溯到3000多年前。

The Daoist text Lieh-tzu, written in the 5th century BCE, includes an account of a much earlier meeting between King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty (1023–957 BCE) and an engineer named Yen Shi. Yen Shi presented the king with a life-sized, human-shaped mechanical automaton:

道教《 律法》(Lieh-tzu )写于公元前5世纪，其中记载了周朝国王穆德(公元前1023-957年)与一位名叫延世的工程师之间的较早会议。 颜氏为国王提供了一个与人体大小相仿的人形机械自动机：

“The king stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began singing, perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it began posturing, keeping perfect time… As the performance was drawing to an end, the robot winked its eye and made advances to the ladies in attendance, whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Shi executed on the spot had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly taken the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was. And, indeed, it turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, glue and lacquer...”

国王惊讶地盯着那个人物。 它飞快地走着，上下移动头，这样任何人都会把它当作活人。 技师抚摸着下巴，然后开始唱歌，音调完美。 他摸了摸它的手，并开始摆姿势，保持了完美的时间……当表演接近尾声时，机器人眨了眨眼睛，向出席的女士们挺身而出，于是国王被激怒了，本来是要让严实执行死刑的。那个地方没有后者，这使人极度恐惧，他立即把机器人弄成碎片，让他看看它到底是什么。 而且，实际上，它实际上只是皮革，木材，胶水和漆的建筑……”