大写字母改成小写字母
Capital letters get a bad rap. Writing in all caps, for example, emphasizes the importance of the underlying emotion of the word, but being overly emotional in professional communication is something to be avoided. Many professional communication guides teach that capitalizing words is poor practice. Nowadays, if you write a word in all caps you risk sounding like an out-of-touch, uninformed Luddite shouting at the clouds.
大写字母的说唱不好。 例如，大写字母强调单词的内在情感的重要性 ，但是在专业交流中过于情感化是可以避免的。 许多专业的交流指南教导说，大写单词是不良的做法。 如今，如果您用大写字母写一个单词，您可能会冒着失落，不知情的Luddite在云中大喊的风险。
When used indiscriminately capital letters can also impair the readability of your text (more on that soon), and we all want our text to be readable, right?
如果不加区分地使用大写字母，也可能会损害您文本的可读性(稍后会有更多介绍)，我们都希望我们的文本易于阅读，对吗？
Well, I’m here to say, that sometimes readability is the enemy. I’m here to say capital letters can literally save lives by making it hard to read.
好吧，我在这里要说的是，有时可读性是敌人。 我在这里要说的是，大写字母可以使人难以阅读，从而从字面上拯救生命。
您如何阅读文字 (How you read text)
If you’re reading this now, you are educated enough that you likely take your ability to read for granted. It’s something you do unconsciously and automatically. Just try to look at the words in this article and try not to read them. You can’t do it. Every word — nay, every sentence, you see, you read: you recognize the words and understand its meaning.
如果您现在正在阅读本文，那么您受过足够的教育，以至于您可能会将阅读能力视为理所当然。 这是您不自觉地自动执行的操作。 只是尝试看一下本文中的单词，并尽量不要阅读它们。 你做不到 每个单词-不，每个句子，您看到的都是阅读的：您识别单词并理解其含义。
But there is a lot of behind-the-scenes cognitive processing going on. When you first read a sentence, you first have to recognize the words in the sentence. In order to recognize words, you have to perceive letters, which in turn are made up of a collection of features like lines, curves, and angles.
但是，正在进行许多幕后的认知处理。 初读句子时，首先必须识别句子中的单词。 为了识别单词，您必须感知字母，而字母又由线，曲线和角度等特征的集合组成。
What I’m describing here is a bottom-up model of visual word recognition. First, your eyes are presented with a stimulus. Your visual cortex processes features of the stimulus. Based on previous exposure, you’re able to associate those features with a certain letter.
我在这里描述的是视觉单词识别的自下而上模型。 首先，您的眼睛受到刺激。 您的视觉皮层处理刺激的功能。 根据以前的经验，您可以将这些功能与某个字母相关联。
Congratulations! You’ve recognized a letter. Now, you’re able to identify possible words associated with that letter. As your brain parses through the entire stimulus, the number of possible words the stimulus could be shrinks until you’ve successfully identified the word presented to you.
恭喜你！ 您已经认出一封信。 现在，您可以识别与该字母关联的可能单词。 当您的大脑解析整个刺激时，刺激可能会减少的单词数量，直到您成功识别出呈现给您的单词为止。
This type of process can also occur at the level of words and sentences. For example, words themselves have characteristic shapes, the features of which aid in recognition whether we realize it or not.
这种过程也可以在单词和句子的层次上进行。 例如，单词本身具有特征形状，其特征有助于识别我们是否意识到。
Top-down processes also occur whereby you apply the context of the word presented (i.e., is this a business email, a medical text, or a children’s book) and it’s usual co-occurrence with other words (i.e., you don’t usually see the words “delicious rat” together compared to “devious rat”).
自上而下的过程也会发生，您可以使用呈现的单词的上下文(例如，这是商务电子邮件，医学文本还是儿童读物)，并且通常与其他单词同时出现(即，您通常不会参见“美味的老鼠”和“狡猾的老鼠”。
“BUT WHAT DOES ALL OF THIS HAVE TO DO WITH CAPITAL LETTERS?”
“但是这与大写字母有什么关系？”
Well, capital letters generally have less variation and characteristic features than lower case letters. This is one reason sentences written in capital letters are less readable. Trace an outline of the words BELOW and ELBOW and you’ll get two identical rectangles. Whereas the lowercase versions of these outlines are easier to differentiate.
好吧，大写字母通常比小写字母具有更少的变化和特征。 这是用大写字母写的句子可读性较差的原因之一。 跟踪单词BELOW和ELBOW的轮廓，您将获得两个相同的矩形。 而这些轮廓的小写版本更容易区分。
One exception to the ‘capital letters impairs readability’ mantra is titling. Titles and other cases where very few words are presented at a time are aided by the simplicity and increased size of capital letters.
“大写字母损害可读性”的口头禅之一是头衔。 标题和其他情况下一次只显示很少几个单词的情况会由于大写字母的简单和大小增加而有所帮助。
大写字母，谢谢你。 (Capital letters, I appreciate you.)
If you’re a designer or even just a regular consumer of text, you probably already knew all of this implicitly, if not explicitly. However, what you might not know is that readability can put lives at risk. This is where our unsung hero, CAPITAL LETTERS, saves lives.
如果您是设计师，甚至只是普通的文本使用者，那么您可能已经隐式地了解了所有这些内容，即使不是显式的也是如此。 但是，您可能不知道的是，可读性可能会危及生命。 这是我们的无名英雄，大写字母，拯救生命。
Imagine, for a moment, you are a pharmacist or nurse. You read hundreds of drug names every day. On a good day, the doctor may write a prescription that looks like this:
想象一下，您是药剂师或护士。 您每天阅读数百种药物名称。 在美好的一天，医生可能会开出如下处方：
More often than not, you’ll actually get a prescription looking like this:
通常，您实际上会得到如下处方：
Electronic health records and prescribing systems have done wonders to reduce the number of hieroglyphics nurses and pharmacists have to decipher on a daily basis. Big score for increased readability! But it hasn’t totally solved the problem of making sure the right medication is given to the right patient.
电子健康记录和处方系统为减少护士每天需要解密的象形文字和药剂师的数量创造了奇迹。 大分数可提高可读性！ 但这并不能完全解决确保为正确的患者提供正确的药物的问题。
Just take a look at this table listing a few commonly confused drugs:
只需看一下下表，其中列出了一些常见的混淆药物：
Why are these drugs so commonly confused? The same reason you will probably have no problem reading this paragraph:
为什么这些药物如此常见？ 出于同样的原因，您可能不会在阅读本段时遇到问题：
“It deosn’t mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the msot iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.”
他说：“这并不会导致乱堆乱扔垃圾，乱堆的嫌疑人将是第一个人，而小乱七八糟的人则将留在rghit平原。 该rset可以是toatl mses，您可以将其设置为wathit porbelm。 蒂斯是布斯科，不是死神伊斯尔特里夫(istlef)而是埃文·特维特(ertle lteter)。
Essentially, we tend to view words as a whole, but pay the most attention to the beginnings and ends of words. All that stuff in the middle matters less during normal reading. However, when it comes to drugs, all that stuff in the middle can mean the difference between life and death.
本质上，我们倾向于将单词视为一个整体，但最注意单词的开头和结尾。 在正常阅读过程中，中间的所有内容都没有那么重要。 但是，在毒品方面，中间的所有东西都可能意味着生与死之间的差异。
Despite our training and best efforts to attend to these differences, pharmacists and nurses are only human. It’s hard to override deeply ingrained cognitive processes that normally serve us well!
尽管我们经过培训并且竭尽全力解决这些差异，但药剂师和护士只是人类。 很难超越通常对我们有益的根深蒂固的认知过程！
This is where capital letters come in with their readability impairing superpowers.
这是大写字母出现的地方，其可读性削弱了超级大国。
Tall-man lettering is the practice of writing certain parts of commonly confused drugs in capital letters. For example, hydrALAzine vs. hydrOXYzine. Tall-man lettering emphasizes parts of words we’d normally be inclined to ignore. This simple design decision reduces medication errors and is now recommended (not required) by the FDA.
高个子刻字是用大写字母写一些经常混淆的药品的做法。 例如，hydrALAzine与hydrOXYzine。 高个子字母强调了我们通常倾向于忽略的部分单词。 这种简单的设计决策减少了用药错误 ，现在被FDA推荐(不需要)。
The tall-man lettering theory is sound, yet some studies have found conflicting evidence on tall-man lettering when applied in clinical contexts. An important factor to consider when designing these studies is how and when tall-man lettering is implemented.
高个子刻字理论是可靠的，但是一些研究发现在临床环境中使用高个子刻字的证据相互矛盾。 设计这些研究时要考虑的重要因素是如何以及何时实施高个子字母。
What is even cooler to me is the fact that you do not even need to use tall-man lettering to get the effect of reduced medication errors. Putting drug names in ALL CAPS works just as well as tall-man. Essentially, you are reducing the readability of the word by placing it in all caps.
对我来说，更酷的是您甚至不需要使用高个子字母来减少药物错误的效果。 将药物名称放入“全部大写字母”中与“高个子男人”一样有效。 本质上，通过将所有单词都放大写来降低单词的可读性。
You are taking away your ability to recognize words based on word shape and instead forcing your brain into doing a letter-by-letter approach to word recognition.
您正在失去根据单词形状识别单词的能力，而迫使您的大脑进行逐字母的单词识别方法。
If you are using tall-man lettering, you have to be thoughtful about which letters are capitalized to best emphasize the differences between drugs. Alternatively, just try using all-caps to fully leverage the readability-impairing powers of capital letters.
如果您使用的是高个子字母，则必须考虑哪些字母大写以最好地强调药物之间的区别。 另外，只要尝试使用全大写字母就可以充分利用大写字母的易读性。
Yes, often you want your text to be easy to read. However, there are certain times when you want your reader to STOP and THINK about what is on the page rather than just getting through it as easily as possible.
是的，通常您希望文本易于阅读。 但是，在某些情况下，您希望读者停下来思考一下页面上的内容，而不是尽可能轻松地浏览页面。
Let’s give a little credit to our underappreciated capital letters. Sure they might be simple and bulky, but they have an important job to do. Sometimes, that job might even save your life.
让我们稍微感谢一下我们未被充分理解的大写字母。 当然，它们可能简单又笨重，但是它们有重要的工作要做。 有时，这项工作甚至可以挽救您的生命。
Every day I’m working as a nurse, I’m administering medications that could mean the difference between life, death, and disability for my patients. Usually, I’m also concurrently managing hundreds of other tasks. I’ll take all the help I can get to make my job just a bit easier. Thank you capital letters. I appreciate you.
每天我都在当护士，我正在用药物治疗，这可能意味着患者的生命，死亡和残疾之间的差异。 通常，我还要同时管理数百个其他任务。 我将尽一切可能使我的工作变得简单。 谢谢大写字母。 我感激你。
翻译自: https://uxdesign.cc/how-capital-letters-can-save-lives-10129e04f139
大写字母改成小写字母
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