计算机基础知识英文版,英文版计算机基础知识-computer-2--applications.doc

Computer Basics 2 Applications

An application is another word for a program running on the computer. Whether or not it is a good application depends on how well it performs the tasks it is designed to do and how easy it is for the user to use. That involves the user interface- the way the user tells the software what to do and how the computer displays information and options to the user.

Text Interface

A text interface was all that was available in the beginning. The example below is of PKZIP, which squashes files into smaller size to save you space. Notice in the center the command you would have to type to use this program. An actual command line would look something like: ?? c:\>pkzip c:\myfiles\newfile.zip c:\docs\report14.doc

A text-based interface means typing in all the commands. If you mis-type, you have to backspace to your error, which erases what you already typed. It's hard to have fun this way!

Add-on programs were written, of course, so you could edit what was typed - to the joy of all who had to work with long command lines.

Modern text interfaces have lots of cool shortcuts and features. But you still have to spell and type well.

Text Interface with Menus

Improvements arrived with the addition of menus and the use of the arrow keys to move around the screen. This is much better than having to type in all the commands.

The example to the right is of a bulletin board communications program.

Notice the list of commands in the popup menu in the center. You would use the arrow keys to move up and down the list and then press the Enter key to execute the command. Various menus are usually available by using the ALT key in combination with a letter or number key.?

Graphical Interface

A graphical user interface (GUI - sometimes pronounced GOO-ee) uses pictures to make it easier for the user. It is more user friendly.

The example below is from Windows 95/98. The use of drop-down menus, windows, buttons, and icons was first successfully marketed by App

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计算机组成与设计:硬件/软件接口》第六版是由David A. Patterson和John L. Hennessy共同编写的经典教材。该教材介绍了计算机组成原理、硬件与软件的接口设计以及计算机体系结构的基本知识。 RISC-V(Reduced Instruction Set Computer - V)是一个开源指令集架构,它为计算机系统提供了一系列精简、高效的指令集。与其他指令集架构不同的是,RISC-V的指令集架构是开源的,任何人都可以免费使用、修改和分发它。这一特性使RISC-V在学术界和工业界都受到了广泛的关注和研究。 在《计算机组成与设计:硬件/软件接口》第六版中,作者们提出了基于RISC-V的教学目标,旨在帮助读者了解计算机系统的设计和实现。教材详细介绍了RISC-V的基本指令、寄存器、地址空间、存储器和I/O等方面,并提供了大量的实例和练习题,帮助读者深入理解RISC-V的设计原理和实践技巧。 通过学习《计算机组成与设计:硬件/软件接口》第六版,读者可以了解到RISC-V指令集架构的设计目标和基本原理,掌握如何设计和搭建RISC-V处理器的硬件原理和软件接口,并能够利用RISC-V编程进行系统级设计和开发。 总的来说,《计算机组成与设计:硬件/软件接口》第六版结合RISC-V的特点,深入浅出地介绍了计算机组成与设计相关的核心知识,为读者提供了理解计算机体系结构和处理器设计的实践经验。

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